What about the enlisted men who followed Calley's orders?
Some of them faced court-martial, but none of them was convicted.
The Calley case was the specific issue that caused the DoD to greatly enhance its Law of Armed Conflict training as I knew it (and taught it) during my career. Immense emphasis was placed on the soldiers understanding what an "illegal order" specifically is, what an "illegal order" would look like in their specific military specialties, and that they had a
duty to disobey an illegal order.
For instance, the specific kinds of things that would be criminal in my task of targeting nuclear weapons in a major command headquarters are different from the kinds of things that would be criminal for an infantry soldier in the field.
The military judicial system has some interesting differences from the civilian judicial system, and one of them is that justifiable ignorance of the law
is a defense. That's why military leadership advises troops of their duties "nine ways from Sunday and on every Monday," because if the troop can prove his ignorance or confusion was reasonable, he may walk.
In the case of Calley's soldiers, the military courts realized that there was too much confusion of who did what and who knew what in that moment of "fog of war" to convict anyone else.
I don't think that philosophical judgements are being called for and that for most soldiers the problem does not even arise, but it might, and it puts the soldiers themselves in a difficult position. It's not merely a "philosophical position" that a National Guard soldier should not shoot his own unarmed fellow citizens, even they they have gotten away with it in the past.
I keep saying: You are posting things for which specific laws already exist. There are already specific laws covering "shooting his own unarmed fellow citizens." So, no,
that would call for philosophical judgments. Y'all keep doing that. Everything you think of is already covered by existing laws and would be "illegal orders."
My point continues to be: Trump is never going to issue a clearly "illegal order." His lawyers are smarter than that. They are going to nuance the hell out of his orders, so that they
will call for philosophical judgments from Corporal Snuffy Smith.