Why would he be rotting in a prison? What crime was he convicted of?
I'll save you some time and tell you. There wasn't any conviction. There was no due process.
Immigration Proceedings: Criminal vs. Civil Actions
Regardless of their legal status, aliens are entitled to the same constitutional due process rights provided to criminal defendants who are citizens when they are being
criminally prosecuted for assault, rape, burglary, kidnapping, murder, or other crimes.
However, immigration proceedings to bar an alien’s entry or to remove or deport1
“Deport” and “remove” are synonymous in federal immigration law.
an alien present inside the United States are
not criminal proceedings. As the Supreme Court of the United States first outlined in 1893 in
Fong Yue Ting v. U.S., a decision in which it rejected habeas corpus petitions filed by Chinese citizens who claimed that they were being unlawfully detained by U.S. marshals “without due process of law”:
The [immigration] proceeding…is in no proper sense a trial and sentence for a crime or offense. It is simply the ascertainment, by appropriate and lawful means, of the fact whether the conditions exist upon which Congress has enacted that an alien of this class may remain within the country. The order of deportation is not a punishment for crime.… It is but a method of enforcing the return to his own country of an alien who has not complied with the conditions upon the performance of which the Government of the nation, acting within its constitutional authority, and through the proper departments, has determined that his continuing to reside here shall depend.2
Fong Yue Ting v. U.S., 149 U.S. 698, 730 (1893).
The Court added that an alien being removed by the government is not being “deprived of life, liberty, or property” and that “the provisions of the Constitution securing the right to trial by jury and prohibiting unreasonable searches and seizures and cruel and unusual punishments [therefore] have no application.”3
Id.
That is also why federal immigration officers do not need a warrant issued by a judge before arresting and detaining aliens and why aliens are not entitled to be advised of their
Miranda rights or to the assistance of a government-appointed lawyer during their deportation proceedings.4
Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966). The Supreme Court held that under the Fifth Amendment, criminal defendants must be warned that they have a right to be silent, that anything they say can be used against them in a court of law, that they are entitled to an attorney, and that if they cannot afford an attorney, one has to be appointed by the government to represent them before they can be questioned.
The fact that the removal process is a civil proceeding was reaffirmed by the Supreme Court in 2010 in
Padilla v. Kentucky.5
Padilla v. Kentucky, 559 U.S. 356 (2010).
The Court held in that case that a criminal defense attorney provided ineffective assistance of counsel when he misinformed his client, a permanent resident alien charged with transporting drugs, of the possible immigration consequences of pleading guilty. While that guilty plea in his criminal prosecution made “his deportation virtually mandatory” under federal immigration law, the Court noted that it had “long recognized that deportation is a particularly severe ‘penalty’” and is not “in a strict sense, a criminal sanction.” The Court emphasized that “[r]emoval proceedings are civil in nature.”6
Id. at 365 (citing INS v. Lopez-Mendoza, 468 U.S. 1032 (1984)).
Aliens are not even entitled to the protection of the Ex Post Facto Clause of the Constitution. Article I, Section 9, Clause 3 provides that no “ex post facto Law shall be passed” by Congress.7
See The Heritage Foundation, The Heritage Guide to the Constitution,
The Heritage Guide to the Constitution.
Ex post facto laws impose criminal punishments on conduct that was lawful when it was done. In 1954, in a case involving the deportation of an alien who had been a member of the Communist Party before such membership had been made a deportable offense, the Supreme Court held that “it has been the unbroken rule of this Court that [the Ex Post Facto Clause] has no application to deportation.”8
Galvan v. Press, 347 U.S. 522, 531 (1954). The alien was a member of the Communist Party from 1944 to 1946, and membership in the Communist Party was not made a deportable offense until Congress passed the Internal Security Act of 1950.
Aliens also cannot claim “selective prosecution” when they are contesting removal. In 1999, the Supreme Court held that “an alien unlawfully in this country has no constitutional right to assert selective enforcement as a defense against his deportation.”9
Reno v. American–Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee, 525 U.S. 471, 488 (1999).
The due process rights in civil immigration proceedings are far more limited, as outlined and defined by Congress in federal immigration laws and the procedural rules promulgated by the Attorney General for the conduct of federal immigration proceedings. In addition, federal immigration courts are not Article III courts in which judges must be confirmed by the Senate and enjoy life tenure; rather, they are administrative “courts” within the Department of Justice. Immigration “judges” are not federal judges at all; they are employees of the Justice Department who are selected by the Attorney General and who act as the Attorney General’s “delegates in the cases that come before them.”10
Some critics of the Trump Administration’s enforcement of federal immigration law, including members of the public, the media, and Congress, have made misleading claims about the due process rights that apply in immigration proceedings. Those who claim that non-citizens, referred to in our...
www.heritage.org