Main articles:
Antisemitism in Islam,
History of antisemitism § Middle Ages, and
History of the Jews under Muslim rule
Jews, along with
Christians,
Sabians, and
Zoroastrians living under
early and medieval Muslim rule were known as "
People of the Book" to Muslims and subjected to the status of
dhimmi ("protected" minority) in the
lands conquered by Muslim Arabs, a status generally applied to Non-Muslim minorities that was later also extended to other Non-Muslims like
Sikhs,
Hindus,
Jains, and
Buddhists.
[13][14][15] Jews were generally seen as a religious group (not a separate race), thus being a part of the "Arab family".
[16]
Dhimmi were subjected to a number of restrictions, the application and severity of which varied with time and place. Restrictions included residency in
segregated quarters,
obligation to wear distinctive clothing such as the
Yellow badge,
[17][Note 1] public subservience to Muslims, prohibitions against proselytizing and against marrying Muslim women, and limited access to the legal system (the testimony of a Jew did not count if contradicted by that of a Muslim).
Dhimmi had to pay a special poll tax (the
jizya), which exempted them from military service, and also from payment of the
zakat alms tax required of Muslims. In return,
dhimmi were granted limited rights, including a degree of
tolerance, community autonomy in personal matters, and protection from being killed outright. Jewish communities, like Christian ones, were typically constituted as semi-autonomous entities managed by their own laws and leadership, who carried the responsibility for the community towards the Muslim rulers.
[19]
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