Cladistics assumes that its units for comparison can be arranged in a nested hierarchy.
22 Evolutionists assume that evolution is the only viable explanation for a pattern of nested hierarchy. Hennigians go a step further, and then say that that makes evolution a viable process theory which gives cladistics real-world meaning, justifying its use in systematics.
23 However, this is demonstrably untrue.
Patterns of nested hierarchy in nature are not dependent on evolutionary assumptions since they were recognized well before naturalistic evolution was accepted by the scientific community:
“Although it is not in principle demonstrable from external evidence (Panchen, 1992), the existence of a single, irregularly branching hierarchy of relationships among biological taxa has been considered an empirical fact by Brady (1985), based on its historical emergence as the predominant means to represent patterns of taxonomic grouping used by pre-evolutionary systematists during the early 19th century.
That this occurred prior to the general acceptance of evolutionary theory by the scientific community is clear evidence that a hierarchical conception of the Natural System is not dependent on an evolutionary process theory (Crow, 1926; Platnick, 1982).”
24
If evolution was not required to conceive of life as a nested pattern, then
life’s nested pattern is accommodated by evolution, not predicted or verified by it. When Hennig tries to establish the theoretical priority of evolution on nested hierarchy,23 he fails to see his anachronistic and ill-founded assumption of naturalism. Darwin
assumed the nested pattern of life that had already been demonstrated independently of evolution. He then constructed an explicitly naturalistic explanation for its origin.
However, evolution does not demand a nested pattern because it can accommodate other patterns just as easily, if not more so.
25 For instance, transposition (also known as
lateral gene transfer) would provide a much faster mechanism than common descent for disseminating new genes/structures throughout the biosphere. Evolutionists would still assume descent with modification occurred because it provides the mechanism for biological novelty. But widespread transposition would add so much noise to any nested pattern assumed to be congruous with descent with modification that the nested pattern would be lost. Evolutionists don’t accept transposition as a widespread phenomenon, especially in multicellular life, simply because patterns that suggest transposition are not observed.
Moreover, not even common descent requires a nested pattern.
26 Since characters are assumed to have independent phyletic histories and rates of evolution, there is no guarantee that even close sister taxa will have relatively similar morphology in comparison to more distantly related organisms. Moreover, transformation within a lineage (anagenesis) does not produce a nested pattern because the transformation that supposedly occurred was not caused by a branching event. Homoplasy confuses the issue even further because it can make distantly related creatures more morphologically similar than supposed sister taxa.
Common descent has access to a veritable grab-bag of explanations that need not produce a nested pattern.
Pattern cladists, though they dismiss evolution as theoretical justification for cladistics, still believe it is the only viable explanation for it.
However, common design also explains such a pattern, and with potentially more force.27 If life is designed to send a robust message that it is the product of one designer, nested hierarchy does the job. Even if the message receiver (us) has vastly incomplete comprehension of the data (through species extinction, or inability to investigate all the data), a nested pattern unifies life, is filled with homoplasies, and also presents large enough morphological gaps between different life forms to foil common descent.
Life thus sends a unified non-naturalistic message: it is the product of one designer who designed life to resist naturalistic explanations for its origin.