FYI...
For the 100th time (or so).....
It is *not* thermodynamically impossible for lighter, hotter layers to sit above cooler, more dense layers in the solar atmosphere. Rather it is *observed fact* that the solar layers are arranged with the hottest, lightest layers sitting above cooler, more dense layers of atmospheric plasma. The wispy thin, million degree hydrogen corona sits above a thicker helium chromosphere that is radiates at around 20,000 Kelvin. That chromosphere sits on top of a relatively "thicker" and "cooler" photosphere that radiates at approximately 5800K. Underneath of that predominantly Neon photosphere sits a relatively thick, cooler layer of silicon that is much thicker and much cooler where it meets up with the relatively cool "surface" of the sun. The surface itself is only about 1200 degrees Kelvin.
The excess heat is carried into the upper atmosphere by "coronal loops", the largest of which traverse the *entire* atmosphere, from surface to corona.
Birkeland even documented the discharge process in the lab, and created his own version of 'coronal loops', going from one area of the solid surface to another, and traveling high into the atmosphere around the terrella before returning to another point on the surface.
For the 100th time (or so).....
It is *not* thermodynamically impossible for lighter, hotter layers to sit above cooler, more dense layers in the solar atmosphere. Rather it is *observed fact* that the solar layers are arranged with the hottest, lightest layers sitting above cooler, more dense layers of atmospheric plasma. The wispy thin, million degree hydrogen corona sits above a thicker helium chromosphere that is radiates at around 20,000 Kelvin. That chromosphere sits on top of a relatively "thicker" and "cooler" photosphere that radiates at approximately 5800K. Underneath of that predominantly Neon photosphere sits a relatively thick, cooler layer of silicon that is much thicker and much cooler where it meets up with the relatively cool "surface" of the sun. The surface itself is only about 1200 degrees Kelvin.
The excess heat is carried into the upper atmosphere by "coronal loops", the largest of which traverse the *entire* atmosphere, from surface to corona.
Birkeland even documented the discharge process in the lab, and created his own version of 'coronal loops', going from one area of the solid surface to another, and traveling high into the atmosphere around the terrella before returning to another point on the surface.
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