At this point we need to expand a little, “neural plasticity” was not introduced by me into the discussion because it only deals with the organic manipulation of neurons and synaptic connections, not the decisions behind remapping, outsourced information and reallocation of function.
It should also be noted that secular psychologists split themselves into two opposing camps, which are derived from a further two opposing evolutionary camps.
The first opposing camps are divided by evolutionary mechanics, one claims rapid evolution after an extinction to fill the biological or ecological void, the other claims evolution is a gradual progression regardless of environmentally void niches (strangely they both work very hard to debunk each other’s work and conclusions),
Similarly evolutionary psychologists split themselves into two camps, the biological (genetics, hormones, cells etc) and the environmental (stimulus, response, reward etc), however both opposing camps are reductionists.
Humans demonstrate a combination of extremely efficient and economical organization alongside and incredible potential for functional flexibility on the other, in other words the two opposing camps cannot agree on a driving force. The biological reductionists argue human brain evolution is biological and the environmental reductionists argue brain evolution is learnt.
the problem secular psychology has is that as time and understanding increase neither have the tools to explain it.
Case studies on morality also highlight the problems with secular understanding within the two camps.
Professor Paul Bloom of Yale studied morality expressed by babies ,” fundamental questions of philosophy and psychology, including how biological evolution and cultural experience conspire to shape human nature” …”From Sigmund Freud to Jean Piaget to Lawrence Kohlberg, psychologists have long argued that we begin life as amoral animals. One important task of society, particularly of parents, is to turn babies into civilized beings — social creatures who can experience empathy, guilt and shame; who can override selfish impulses in the name of higher principles; and who will respond with outrage to unfairness and injustice. Many parents and educators would endorse a view of infants and toddlers close to that of a recent Onion headline: “New Study Reveals Most Children Unrepentant Sociopaths.” If children enter the world already equipped with moral notions, why is it that we have to work so hard to humanize them?”
Interesting to note the evolutionary model has humans starting as “amoral animals”,
“A growing body of evidence, though, suggests that humans do have a rudimentary moral sense from the very start of life.”…..this is suggesting morality is not learnt as environmental psychologists would argue and the biological psychologists cannot explain it,
“Many developmental psychologists will tell you that the ignorance of human babies extends well into childhood. For many years the conventional view was that young humans take a surprisingly long time to learn basic facts about the physical world (like that objects continue to exist once they are out of sight) and basic facts about people (like that they have beliefs and desires and goals) — let alone how long it takes them to learn about morality.
I am admittedly biased, but I think one of the great discoveries in modern psychology is that this view of babies is mistaken.”
The multiple experiments showed babies, without learnt understanding are born moralistic…”In the end, we found that 6- and 10-month-old infants overwhelmingly preferred the helpful individual to the hindering individual. This wasn’t a subtle statistical trend; just about all the babies reached for the good guy.”…
“All of this research, taken together, supports a general picture of baby morality. It’s even possible, as a thought experiment, to ask what it would be like to see the world in the moral terms that a baby does. Babies probably have no conscious access to moral notions, no idea why certain acts are good or bad. They respond on a gut level”
“What do these findings about babies’ moral notions tell us about adult morality? Some scholars think that the very existence of an innate moral sense has profound implications. In 1869, Alfred Russel Wallace, who along with Darwin discovered natural selection, wrote that certain human capacities — including “the higher moral faculties” — are richer than what you could expect from a product of biological evolution. He concluded that some sort of godly force must intervene to create these capacities. (Darwin was horrified at this suggestion, writing to Wallace, “I hope you have not murdered too completely your own and my child.”)”
“A few years ago, in his book “What’s So Great About Christianity,” the social and cultural critic Dinesh D’Souza revived this argument. He conceded that evolution can explain our niceness in instances like kindness to kin, where the niceness has a clear genetic payoff, but he drew the line at “high altruism,” acts of entirely disinterested kindness. For D’Souza, “there is no Darwinian rationale” for why you would give up your seat for an old lady on a bus, an act of nice-guyness that does nothing for your genes. And what about those who donate blood to strangers or sacrifice their lives for a worthy cause? D’Souza reasoned that these stirrings of conscience are best explained not by evolution or psychology but by “the voice of God within our souls.”
“The general argument that critics like Wallace and D’Souza put forward, however, still needs to be taken seriously. The morality of contemporary humans really does outstrip what evolution could possibly have endowed us with; moral actions are often of a sort that have no plausible relation to our reproductive success and don’t appear to be accidental by products of evolved adaptations.”
“The biologist Richard Dawkins was right, then, when he said at the start of his book “The Selfish Gene,” “Be warned that if you wish, as I do, to build a society in which individuals cooperate generously and unselfishly toward a common good, you can expect little help from biological nature.”
So even rock stars of the ToE admit nature is in essence cruel, amoral and unforgiving. Yet humans are made with an inbuilt moral compass that is not learnt, and science currently rejects the idea of directly passed on thoughts and ideas through biology to future generations.
: )