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Discussion and Debate
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Physical & Life Sciences
Creation & Evolution
when did life start and continue on the planet?
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<blockquote data-quote="lucaspa" data-source="post: 997831" data-attributes="member: 4882"><p>Hawking's <span style="font-family: 'Arial'">A Brief History of Time has a lot of it. Some of the assumptions behind it are found in Kitty Ferguson's The Fire in the Equations. You should read that one anyway if you are interested in the interface of science and religion. Very readable.</span></p><p> </p><p></p><p>A new variant of No Boundary (with all the technical math) can be found at:</p><p><span style="font-family: 'Arial'">1. <a href="http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/gr/public/inf_lowden.html" target="_blank">http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/gr/public/inf_lowden.html</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'Arial'">2. <a href="http://online.itp.ucsb.edu/online/colloq/hawking1/[/font]" target="_blank">http://online.itp.ucsb.edu/online/colloq/hawking1/[/font]</a></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'Arial'"></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'Arial'"></span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Arial'"></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'Arial'">Remember that matter and energy are the same? Well, energy is "borrowed" from the vacuum to make this short lived matter. Add energy (as in a particle accelerator) and you make virtual particles permament.</span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Arial'"></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'Arial'">They found them by putting strips of gold foil very close together. Remember that matter is also a wave and these virtual particles behave like waves with a wavelength. Now, if the strips of foil are close enough together, only particles with a wavelength <strong>less</strong> than the separation can come into existence between the strips of foil. Meanwhile, virtual particles of any wavelength can pop into existence outside the strips of foil. Since there are more virtual particles outside the strips of foil than between them, the impact of the particles tends to push the strips of foil together. The amount of electric charge needed to hold the strips a constant distance apart measures the virtual particles. </span></p><p> <span style="font-family: 'Arial'"></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'Arial'"><span style="font-family: 'Arial'">3. C Seife, The subtle pull of emptiness. Science, 275 (Jan. 10): 158, 1997. Describes recent experiment demonstrating the Casimir effect.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'Arial'"><span style="font-family: 'Arial'">3a. Physical Review Letters -- November 23, 1998 -- Volume 81, Issue 21 pp. 4549-4552 <a href="http://ojps.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=PRLTAO000081000021004549000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes&jsessionid=2476841006384468984" target="_blank">http://ojps.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=PRLTAO000081000021004549000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes&jsessionid=2476841006384468984</a> Paper documenting Casimir Effect</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'Arial'"><span style="font-family: 'Arial'">7. P Yam, Exploiting zero-point energy. Scientific American, 279: 82-101, Dec. 1997. Another confirmation of the Casimir effect, including attempts to tap it for energy.</span></span></p><p><span style="font-family: 'Arial'"><span style="font-family: 'Arial'">8. LM Krause Excerpt: the physics of virtual particles. Natural History 107: 16, Feb. 1998.</span></span></p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="lucaspa, post: 997831, member: 4882"] Hawking's [font=Arial]A Brief History of Time has a lot of it. Some of the assumptions behind it are found in Kitty Ferguson's The Fire in the Equations. You should read that one anyway if you are interested in the interface of science and religion. Very readable.[/font] A new variant of No Boundary (with all the technical math) can be found at: [font=Arial]1. [url]http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/gr/public/inf_lowden.html[/url] 2. [url]http://online.itp.ucsb.edu/online/colloq/hawking1/[/font][/url] Remember that matter and energy are the same? Well, energy is "borrowed" from the vacuum to make this short lived matter. Add energy (as in a particle accelerator) and you make virtual particles permament. They found them by putting strips of gold foil very close together. Remember that matter is also a wave and these virtual particles behave like waves with a wavelength. Now, if the strips of foil are close enough together, only particles with a wavelength [b]less[/b] than the separation can come into existence between the strips of foil. Meanwhile, virtual particles of any wavelength can pop into existence outside the strips of foil. Since there are more virtual particles outside the strips of foil than between them, the impact of the particles tends to push the strips of foil together. The amount of electric charge needed to hold the strips a constant distance apart measures the virtual particles. [font=Arial]3. C Seife, The subtle pull of emptiness. Science, 275 (Jan. 10): 158, 1997. Describes recent experiment demonstrating the Casimir effect. 3a. Physical Review Letters -- November 23, 1998 -- Volume 81, Issue 21 pp. 4549-4552 [url]http://ojps.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=PRLTAO000081000021004549000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes&jsessionid=2476841006384468984[/url] Paper documenting Casimir Effect 7. P Yam, Exploiting zero-point energy. Scientific American, 279: 82-101, Dec. 1997. Another confirmation of the Casimir effect, including attempts to tap it for energy. 8. LM Krause Excerpt: the physics of virtual particles. Natural History 107: 16, Feb. 1998.[/font][/font] [/QUOTE]
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