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Scientific American Editorial

JackRT

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Okay, We Give Up --- We Feel So Ashamed
by The Editors of Scientific American
March 2005

There's no easy way to admit this. For years, helpful letter writers told us to stick to science. They pointed out that science and politics don't mix. They said we should be more balanced in our presentation of such issues as creationism, missile defense and global warming. We resisted their advice and pretended not to be stung by the accusations that the magazine should be renamed Unscientific American, or Scientific UnAmerican, or even Unscientific UnAmerican. But spring is in the air, and all of nature is turning over a new leaf, so there's no better time to say: you were right, and we were wrong.

In retrospect, this magazine's coverage of so-called evolution has been hideously one-sided. For decades, we published articles in every issue that endorsed the ideas of Charles Darwin and his cronies. True, the theory of common descent through natural selection has been called the unifying concept for all of biology and one of the greatest scientific ideas of all time, but that was no excuse to be fanatics about it. Where were the answering articles presenting the powerful case for scientific creationism? Why were we so unwilling to suggest that dinosaurs lived 6,000 years ago or that a cataclysmic flood carved the Grand Canyon? Blame the scientists. They dazzled us with their fancy fossils, their radiocarbon dating and their tens of thousands of peer-reviewed journal articles. As editors, we had no business being persuaded by mountains of evidence.

Moreover, we shamefully mistreated the Intelligent Design (ID) theorists by lumping them in with creationists. Creationists believe that God designed all life, and that's a somewhat religious idea. But ID theorists think that at unspecified times some unnamed superpowerful entity designed life, or maybe just some species, or maybe just some of the stuff in cells. That's what makes ID a superior scientific theory: it doesn't get bogged down in details.

Good journalism values balance above all else. We owe it to our readers to present everybody's ideas equally and not to ignore or discredit theories simply because they lack scientifically credible arguments or facts. Nor should we succumb to the easy mistake of thinking that scientists understand their fields better than, say, U.S. senators or best-selling novelists do. Indeed, if politicians or special-interest groups say things that seem untrue or misleading, our duty as journalists is to quote them without comment or contradiction. To do otherwise would be elitist and therefore wrong. In that spirit, we will end the practice of expressing our own views in this space: an editorial page is no place for opinions.

Get ready for a new Scientific American. No more discussions of how science should inform policy. If the government commits blindly to building an anti-ICBM defense system that can't work as promised, that will waste tens of billions of taxpayers' dollars and imperil national security, you won't hear about it from us. If studies suggest that the administration's antipollution measures would actually increase the dangerous particulates that people breathe during the next two decades, that's not our concern. No more discussions of how policies affect science either --- so what if the budget for the National Science Foundation is slashed? This magazine will be dedicated purely to science, fair and balanced science, and not just the science that scientists say is science. And it will start on April Fools' Day.
 

OldWiseGuy

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I don't think "peer reviewed" means that your pals totally agree with you. What if they said, "Norman, as one of your peers I reviewed your article, but I have some disagreement with it?"

I also think however that some scientists, eager to get 'published' fall all over themselves the give good reviews to others in order gain a favorable review themselves. It becomes revolving approval and takes on a life of it's own.

Soon there are a bazillion 'peer reviewed' scientific articles whose overwhelming volume gives the appearance of credibility that actually may be lacking. Also such articles are loading with attributions citing the work of other 'peers' that might not be as credible as they appear.
 
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jayem

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What I'm addressing pertains to an experimental study. What peer review means--or should mean-- is that other knowledgeable experts working in the same field have analyzed the report. They have found that the premise of the research is rational, the methodology is sound, the statistical treatment of the data is valid, and that the conclusions are logically supported by the results. And if it's a clinical study involving human or animal subjects, that proper ethical guidelines have been followed.
 
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OldWiseGuy:

Where did you ever get the idea that the peer review process in scientific journals is anything like you describe?

For one thing... the 'peers' are usually (there are exceptions) anonymous to the person(s) whose article is under review. So they don't garner any favors for a favorable review.

Certainly there can be lots of problems with the peer review process but the ones you are talking about are not among them.
 
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mark kennedy

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An interesting article and I tend to agree that lumping ID in with Creationism is a fundamental failure of basic insight into what those two approaches include. Even as a Creationist I don't think they have anything to be ashamed of, we all follow the truth where it leads us. I've actually scene a couple of peer review papers that suggested that dealing with Creationists is like dealing with an artistic or cultural perspective.

When the introduction of Creationism into scientific curriculum was fast becoming a legal issue I was apprehensive. You can't discuss Creationism without getting into Christian doctrine, that makes it profoundly religious. ID in the Dover case was determined to be religious because the Intelligent Designer is most logically God, that makes it religious and therefore cannot be introduced without religious import.

I have to wonder if the timeline for the difference between Creationism and Darwinism come down to the point of origin will even be considered.
 
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Brightmoon

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As a scientifically literate Christian, there would be no way I’d want to argue about my faith in an arena where I’m trying to figure out the phylogeny of waterfleas, for example . I’d feel ridiculous and not about the waterfleas . It’s because faith is personal and genetics is genetics . I’m not saying I’d be embarrassed, I’m saying it would be a pointless waste of time. Science only deals with natural phenomena. Looking for supernatural causation is a pointless endeavour
 
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mark kennedy

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As a scientifically literate Christian, there is no way I’d want to argue about my faith in an arena where I’m trying to figure out the phylogeny of waterfleas, for example . I’d feel ridiculous and not about the waterfleas
I've always tried to focus on human evolution in general and the evolution of the human brain from that of apes in particular.
 
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Brightmoon

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As far as human evolution you’d have to look at the genes and anatomy and the fossil record of protohumans . The brain case can tell you something of how the brain was set up . Neanderthals probably could think. we know they made art, took care of their sick and elderly, and had burials, but their brains were different even though they could think symbolically
 
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mark kennedy

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Aw, this brought a smile to my face and a much needed chuckle.

I've done the reading. In one of the areas of the human genome that would have had to change the most, Human Accelerated Region (HAR), we find a gene that has changed the least over just under 400 million years HAR1F. Just after the Cambrian is would have had to emerge de novo, fully formed, fully functional and permanently fixed along broad taxonomic categories. In all the time since it would allow only two substitutions, then, while the DNA around it is being completely overhauled it allows 18 substitutions in a regulatory gene only 118 nucleotides long. The vital function of this gene cannot be overstated:

The most dramatic of these ‘human accelerated regions’, HAR1, is part of a novel RNA gene (HAR1F) that is expressed specifically in Cajal– Retzius neurons in the developing human neocortex from 7 to 19 gestational weeks, a crucial period for cortical neuron specification and migration. HAR1F is co-expressed with reelin, a product of Cajal–Retzius neurons that is of fundamental importance in specifying the six-layer structure of the human cortex. (An RNA gene expressed during cortical development evolved rapidly in humans, Nature 16 August 2006)​

This all has to occur after the chimpanzee human split, while our ancestors were contemporaries in equatorial Africa, with none of the selective pressures effecting our ancestral cousins. This is in addition to no less then 60 de novo (brand new) brain related genes with no known molecular mechanism to produce them. Selection can explain the survival of the fittest but the arrival of the fittest requires a cause:

The de novo origin of a new protein-coding gene from non-coding DNA is considered to be a very rare occurrence in genomes. Here we identify 60 new protein-coding genes that originated de novo on the human lineage since divergence from the chimpanzee. The functionality of these genes is supported by both transcriptional and proteomic evidence. RNA– seq data indicate that these genes have their highest expression levels in the cerebral cortex and testes, which might suggest that these genes contribute to phenotypic traits that are unique to humans, such as improved cognitive ability. Our results are inconsistent with the traditional view that the de novo origin of new genes is very rare, thus there should be greater appreciation of the importance of the de novo origination of genes…(De Novo Origin of Human Protein-Coding Genes PLoS 2011)​

Whatever you think happened one thing is for sure, random mutations are the worst explanation possible. They cannot produce de novo genes and invariably disrupt functional genes. You can forget about gradual accumulation of, 'slow and gradual accumulation of numerous, slight, yet profitable, variations' (Darwin). That would require virtually no cost and extreme benefit with the molecular cause fabricated from vain imagination and suspended by pure faith.
 
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Brightmoon

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And again H sapiens are apes. We never evolved out of that lineage which is why chimps are classified as part of family Hominidae

Incidentally Rare doesn’t mean impossibl especially if there are selection pressures involved. If the genes are closely related them they could evolve quickly
 
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mark kennedy

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As far as human evolution you’d have to look at the genes and anatomy and the fossil record of protohumans . The brain case can tell you something of how the brain was set up . Neanderthals probably could think. we know they made art, took care of their sick and elderly, and had burials, but their brains were different even though they could think symbolically
The places where Neanderthals were found from the Middle East to Spain suggest a migration pattern across Europe. They are not protohumans, they are just people who buried their dead, which is pretty much how we know about them.
 
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mark kennedy

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And again H sapiens are apes. We never evolved out of that lineage which is why chimps are classified as part of family Hominidae

Incidentally Rare doesn’t mean impossibl especially if there are selection pressures involved. If the genes are closely related them they could evolve quickly
That's a very broad category.
 
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Brightmoon

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tas is actually a geneticist . You’d have to ask him . He could probably give you the details you’d want . I usually teach very basic zoology classes
 
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mark kennedy

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And again H sapiens are apes. We never evolved out of that lineage which is why chimps are classified as part of family Hominidae

Incidentally Rare doesn’t mean impossibl especially if there are selection pressures involved. If the genes are closely related them they could evolve quickly
60 brain related genes that are highly conserved, evolving de novo (brand new) is hardly something that can happen quickly. It rarely happens at all and a brain new brain related gene, let alone sixty, doesn't happen at all.
 
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mark kennedy

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tas is actually a geneticist . You’d have to ask him . He could probably give you the details you’d want . I usually teach very basic zoology classes
I'm sure I would enjoy talking to tas sometime.
 
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Brightmoon

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Neanderthals are actually another species . They are closely related enough to interbreed and produce fertile hybrids but their growth rates were completely different from H sapiens and their anatomy is different. Their brains are different
 
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Brightmoon

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this has happened more than once the Denisovians are another species that interbred with H sapiens. Maybe these brain changes occurred in small offshoot populations which then melded back into the parent populations. That happens frequently and not just in humans . This is how wolves got black hair ( from another species of canid) and how humans developed all these skin colors
 
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