Gospel:
Luke 16:19-31
Is this a true story or a parable?
It's a true story: a prophetic story Jesus told as a condemnation of the covetous, corrupt high priests of Israel in His day. Even the Talmud had a curse for the greedy family of Annas in those days, calling them "the serpent's hiss", whose servants beat the people, and whose sons were keepers of the treasury.
The "rich man" is Caiaphas, a high priest who "fared sumptuously every day" on the finest of the people's first-fruits offerings, and dressed in "purple and fine linen" - the vestments of the high priest.
The rich man's "five brothers" were Caiaphas's five brothers-in-law, sons of their father Annas.
The rich man begging for Lazarus to be sent to "my father's house" was speaking of sending Lazarus to the temple where Caiaphas's father-in-law Annas had officiated as high priest. The "rich man" calls Abraham "father" in this story, because "the fathers" was a title which the Israelites gave specifically to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. Abraham in this story likewise addresses the "rich man" as "Son", which would identify this "rich man" as an Israelite.
"Lazarus" in this story is the literal Lazarus whom Jesus raised from the dead. The "gate" of the "rich man" which Lazarus was laid beside was the temple gate. Whatever "sores" or illness that the real Lazarus died of in the book of John, it rendered him unclean and unable to enter the temple grounds, just like the "beggar" in the Luke 16 story.
The "rich man" (Caiaphas) died, and was buried. We have his ornate ossuary today, with the bones of a 60-ish man inside, along with some other family members' collected bones.
The "beggar" also died, but no mention of burial is made, possibly because Christ raised Lazarus out of the grave and he did not occupy it for more than 4 days.
The "torment" which the spirit of the dead Caiaphas was going to suffer I believe might have been that found in Luke 13:28. There would be "weeping and gnashing of teeth" when the unbelieving Jews (who had eaten and drunk with Christ, and heard Him teach in their streets) would see Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and all the prophets in the kingdom of God (and Caiaphas seeing the resurrected Lazarus in Abraham's bosom). On that occasion, these unbelieving ones would be "thrust out" of sharing that blessing. The first would be last and the last would be first, just like the "rich man" had his good things in this life, but Lazarus had his afterwards.
Christ on trial promised Caiaphas the high priest that "hereafter shall ye see the Son of Man sitting on the right hand of power and coming in the clouds of heaven." (Matthew 26:64). I believe that view of the returning Christ was going to be the occasion when Jerusalem would become a "furnace of fire" or a "Lake of Fire"; the time when the wicked souls of the dead in Hades would be cast into the Lake of Fire for utter destruction. The soul of Caiaphas on that occasion would be seeing the resurrected Lazarus across the "great gulf fixed between" - aka, the deep Kidron Valley between the city of Jerusalem and the Mount of Olives where Jesus was prophesied to bodily return to gather all the resurrected saints.
Abraham in the story told the "rich man" that none of his "five brothers" would believe a warning about that place of torment, even if someone raised from the dead should deliver that warning. That high priest family already had Moses and the prophets, and were not following their messages, even though they were supposed to be the guardians of the law.
Even though the real Lazarus was going to be raised from the dead by Christ, the chief priests hated Christ so much that they still rejected the gospel message. Along with their plot to kill Christ, in John 12:10 they were even formulating plans to kill Lazarus again (not that this was even possible).