Is it true that the name Jesus did not come about til the 17th Century?
Probably later. Bear in mind his name in our Greek bible is 'ιησοῦς or in our letters iēsous which itself is a translation or transliteration from the older Hebrew as canukian point out, yahshewah. Or look at the name Moses mosheh in Hebrew but mōseus mōsēs or mōusēs in the Greek NT.
Which tells us one thing, that it is quite biblical to adapt names when the bible is being translated into a different language. You need to bear in mind too that the English language is not static and changed significantly since the bible was first translated into English.
Wycliffe Bible 1395
Matthew 1:1 The book of the generacioun of Jhesu Crist, the sone of Dauid, the sone of Abraham.
Mat 1:2 Abraham bigat Isaac. Isaac bigat Jacob. Jacob bigat Judas and hise britheren.
Mat 1:25 and he knew her not, til she hadde borun her firste bigete sone, and clepide his name Jhesus.
Tyndale Bible 1534
Matthew 1:1 This is the boke of the generacion of Iesus Christ the sonne of Dauid the sonne also of Abraham.
Mat 1:2 Abraham begat Isaac: Isaac begat Iacob: Iacob begat Iudas and his brethren:
Mat 1:25 and knewe her not tyll she had brought forth hir fyrst sonne and called hys name Iesus.
Coverdale Bible 1535
Matthew 1:1 This is the boke of the generacion of Iesus Christ ye sonne of Dauid, the sonne of Abraham.
Mat 1:2 Abraha begat Isaac: Isaac begat Iacob: Iacob begat Iudas & his brethre:
The Great Bible also called Cranmer Bible 1540
Matthew 1:1 Thys ys þe booke of the generacyon of Iesus Chryst, þe sonne of Dauid, the sonne of Abraham.
Mat 1:2 Abraham begat Isaac. Isaac begat Iacob. Iacob begat Iudas and hys brethren.
Mat 1:25 & knewe her not, tyll she had brought forth her fyrst begotten sonne, and called his name Iesus.
Matthew's Bible 1549
Matthew 1:1 Thys is þe boke of þe generation of Iesus Christ þe sonne of dauyd, þe sonne also of Abraham.
Mat 1:2 Abraham begat Isaac: Isaac begat Iacob: Iacob begat Iudas and hys bretherne:
The Geneva Bible 1587
Matthew 1:1 The booke of the generation of Iesvs Christ the sonne of Dauid, the sonne of Abraham.
Mat 1:2 Abraham begate Isaac. And Isaac begate Iacob; Iacob begat Iudas and his brethren.
King James Version also called Authorized Version 1611
Matthew 1:1 The booke of the generation of Iesus Christ, the sonne of Dauid, the sonne of Abraham.
Mat 1:2 Abraham begate Isaac, and Isaac begate Iacob, and Iacob begate Iudas and his brethren.
Mace New Testament 1729 by Daniel Mace
Matthew 1:1 The History of the life of Jesus Christ, the son of David, the son of Abraham.
Mat 1:2 Abraham was the father of Isaac, Isaac the father of Jacob, Jacob the father of Judas and his brethren.
King James Version also called Authorized Version 1769
Matthew 1:1 The book of the generation of Jesus Christ, the son of David, the son of Abraham.
Mat 1:2 Abraham begat Isaac; and Isaac begat Jacob; and Jacob begat Judas and his brethren;
From
http://lookhigher.net/englishbibles/corpusanglosaxongospels/matthew/1.html
It wasn't just Iesus that was different back then, you also had Iacob and Iudas, look at the cool lettering they used then too the letter thorn þ pronounced as a th, or David spelled with a u or a y.