Log in
Register
Search
Search titles only
By:
Search titles only
By:
Forums
New posts
Forum list
Search forums
Leaderboards
Games
Our Blog
Blogs
New entries
New comments
Blog list
Search blogs
Credits
Transactions
Shop
Blessings: ✟0.00
Tickets
Open new ticket
Watched
Donate
Log in
Register
Search
Search titles only
By:
Search titles only
By:
More options
Toggle width
Share this page
Share this page
Share
Reddit
Pinterest
Tumblr
WhatsApp
Email
Share
Link
Menu
Install the app
Install
Forums
Discussion and Debate
Discussion and Debate
Physical & Life Sciences
Galaxy rotation patterns are better explained by Birkeland currents than by dark matter.
JavaScript is disabled. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding.
You are using an out of date browser. It may not display this or other websites correctly.
You should upgrade or use an
alternative browser
.
Reply to thread
Message
<blockquote data-quote="Michael" data-source="post: 73845031" data-attributes="member: 627"><p>When discussing Maxwell's equations with respect to plasma physics, it's necessary to understand the particle physical processes that are occurring and taking place within the plasma itself as a result of Maxwell's equations.</p><p></p><p>It's critically important to understand that real plasma, even current carrying plasma, is almost never fully ionized, let alone ionized to it's full ionization potential/state. Plasma in space is 'dusty' and it contains all sorts of molecules, solids, liquids and gasses. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0YuivnCXhM" target="_blank">Don Pettit from NASA</a> even conducted experiments in space which demonstrate that dust particles tend to develop an electrostatic 'charge' and act a bit like an ion (or bar magnet) with respect to being influenced by Maxwell's equations. They tend to cause the dust particles to 'clump'.</p><p></p><p>Images of space would necessarily contain light from these Birkeland currents on many different wavelengths, from higher energy wavelengths related to discharges through the plasma, to lower energy wavelengths related to the light emitted by ordinary dust particles. Birkeland currents are the visual antithesis of 'dark matter". Unlike "dark matter", some Birkeland currents emit light from virtually the entire energy spectrum. They are absolutely not "invisible". They emit light from their dust particles, and light in the form of x-rays and gamma rays electrical discharges on Earth and in solar flares. Birkeland currents are *entirely* visible on many wavelengths. Some of those wavelengths might be more easily absorbed/scattered, but the currents are emitting light up and down the energy spectrum. We can easily distinguish between light or absorption patterns from highly ionized iron, and light from ordinary dust particles or simple molecules.</p><p></p><p>As Maxwell's equations relate to plasma physics, the term "current" (J) describes the net particle movement with respect to charge and direction through the Birkeland current. The charged particles can, and typically are flowing in both directions simultaneously through a Birkeland current. Dust and plasma ions can move in one direction at one speed, and electrons can flow in the opposite direction at different speeds that are sometimes different by entire orders of magnitude. During 'discharge' processes in plasma, electrons are typically "hotter"/faster moving particles and they tend to carry the bulk of the current during such events.</p><p></p><p>In a typical plasma, ions tend to move in the opposite direction of electrons. Ions (and dust) form the current carrying "threads"/tubes which form the conductive parts of the Birkeland current filaments. The complex magnetic fields within the Birkeland current acts to evacuate the areas/regions between the various 'tubes'. The magnetic fields tend to "pinch"/concentrate the ion density into various tubes of different sizes, with different movement patterns, within the Birkeland current. The net result of the magnetic field separation process, is an overall insulating effect between the various tubes with respect to carrying current.</p><p></p><p>To use an analogy, the complex magnetic fields act to direct particle traffic onto specific roads and particle lanes that move in specific directions. As long as the particles continue to travel and move along the roads in an orderly fashion, it's a "force free" (collisionless) environment. Particles move in a field aligned particle flow pattern that is the physical manifestation of a complex magnetic field. These tubes can be moving in opposite directions with different spins as directed by the complex magnetic fields of the Birkeland current.</p><p></p><p>The center of the current is the most dense part of the filament and it carries the bulk of the electrical current through the filament. Most of the mass flows (ions and electrons) take place near the core of the current, and the plasma density and mass flow is typically reduced with increasing radii.</p><p></p><p>We also know that Markelund currents act to separate elements by ionization state and concentrate Iron near the core of the filament, and cause hydrogen to be located on the outer areas.</p><p></p><p>For all intents and purposes, the positively charged ions (and charged dust particles) will flow along the magnetic fields patterns of the Birkeland current and form the physical structures of the Birkeland current. They pretty much 'go with the flow' of the magnetic field. Their location and movement patterns are directed by the complex magnetic field patterns within the Birkeland current. They are physical (moving) manifestations of the magnetic field arrangements that Maxwell's equations describe.</p><p></p><p>As current (J) in the form of electrons flows through the plasma, the electrons are flowing along the magnetic field lines, and various ion locations (lanes), of the Birkeland current. The current is necessarily moving in a collinear direction in the direction of the magnetic fields of the Birkeland current at all times, regardless of what path the current takes, or the direction it takes. The ion location, it's movement pattern and it's direction of motion is all directed by and dictated by the magnetic field. Electrons attempting to flow through the Birkeland current will simply travel though the ions which are the physical manifestion of the magnetic field lines. At the most fundamental level of plasma physics, there's no physical possibility that J and B are not collinear at all times. Any deviation from that orderly movement would not be "field aligned current'.</p><p></p><p>As Scott specifically states in his paper:</p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p>By definition he's describing a "field aligned current".</p><p></p><p>The Birkeland current itself, along with it's complex physical pattern is entirely visible, up and down the energy spectrum. In electrical discharges in the Earth's atmosphere, and solar discharges can result in the emission of gamma rays and x-rays. In space even the dust is emitting light at various wavelengths. Birkleland currents are the exact opposite of dark matter. They are fully interactive with the EM spectrum. They are light emitting/absorbing filaments up and down the energy spectrum. We can see them on many wavelengths.</p><p></p><p>Of course not *all* charged particle movement in space is collisionless as the corona and aurora can easily demonstrate.</p><p></p><p>[MEDIA=youtube]m58-CfVrsN4[/MEDIA]</p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="Michael, post: 73845031, member: 627"] When discussing Maxwell's equations with respect to plasma physics, it's necessary to understand the particle physical processes that are occurring and taking place within the plasma itself as a result of Maxwell's equations. It's critically important to understand that real plasma, even current carrying plasma, is almost never fully ionized, let alone ionized to it's full ionization potential/state. Plasma in space is 'dusty' and it contains all sorts of molecules, solids, liquids and gasses. [URL='https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0YuivnCXhM']Don Pettit from NASA[/URL] even conducted experiments in space which demonstrate that dust particles tend to develop an electrostatic 'charge' and act a bit like an ion (or bar magnet) with respect to being influenced by Maxwell's equations. They tend to cause the dust particles to 'clump'. Images of space would necessarily contain light from these Birkeland currents on many different wavelengths, from higher energy wavelengths related to discharges through the plasma, to lower energy wavelengths related to the light emitted by ordinary dust particles. Birkeland currents are the visual antithesis of 'dark matter". Unlike "dark matter", some Birkeland currents emit light from virtually the entire energy spectrum. They are absolutely not "invisible". They emit light from their dust particles, and light in the form of x-rays and gamma rays electrical discharges on Earth and in solar flares. Birkeland currents are *entirely* visible on many wavelengths. Some of those wavelengths might be more easily absorbed/scattered, but the currents are emitting light up and down the energy spectrum. We can easily distinguish between light or absorption patterns from highly ionized iron, and light from ordinary dust particles or simple molecules. As Maxwell's equations relate to plasma physics, the term "current" (J) describes the net particle movement with respect to charge and direction through the Birkeland current. The charged particles can, and typically are flowing in both directions simultaneously through a Birkeland current. Dust and plasma ions can move in one direction at one speed, and electrons can flow in the opposite direction at different speeds that are sometimes different by entire orders of magnitude. During 'discharge' processes in plasma, electrons are typically "hotter"/faster moving particles and they tend to carry the bulk of the current during such events. In a typical plasma, ions tend to move in the opposite direction of electrons. Ions (and dust) form the current carrying "threads"/tubes which form the conductive parts of the Birkeland current filaments. The complex magnetic fields within the Birkeland current acts to evacuate the areas/regions between the various 'tubes'. The magnetic fields tend to "pinch"/concentrate the ion density into various tubes of different sizes, with different movement patterns, within the Birkeland current. The net result of the magnetic field separation process, is an overall insulating effect between the various tubes with respect to carrying current. To use an analogy, the complex magnetic fields act to direct particle traffic onto specific roads and particle lanes that move in specific directions. As long as the particles continue to travel and move along the roads in an orderly fashion, it's a "force free" (collisionless) environment. Particles move in a field aligned particle flow pattern that is the physical manifestation of a complex magnetic field. These tubes can be moving in opposite directions with different spins as directed by the complex magnetic fields of the Birkeland current. The center of the current is the most dense part of the filament and it carries the bulk of the electrical current through the filament. Most of the mass flows (ions and electrons) take place near the core of the current, and the plasma density and mass flow is typically reduced with increasing radii. We also know that Markelund currents act to separate elements by ionization state and concentrate Iron near the core of the filament, and cause hydrogen to be located on the outer areas. For all intents and purposes, the positively charged ions (and charged dust particles) will flow along the magnetic fields patterns of the Birkeland current and form the physical structures of the Birkeland current. They pretty much 'go with the flow' of the magnetic field. Their location and movement patterns are directed by the complex magnetic field patterns within the Birkeland current. They are physical (moving) manifestations of the magnetic field arrangements that Maxwell's equations describe. As current (J) in the form of electrons flows through the plasma, the electrons are flowing along the magnetic field lines, and various ion locations (lanes), of the Birkeland current. The current is necessarily moving in a collinear direction in the direction of the magnetic fields of the Birkeland current at all times, regardless of what path the current takes, or the direction it takes. The ion location, it's movement pattern and it's direction of motion is all directed by and dictated by the magnetic field. Electrons attempting to flow through the Birkeland current will simply travel though the ions which are the physical manifestion of the magnetic field lines. At the most fundamental level of plasma physics, there's no physical possibility that J and B are not collinear at all times. Any deviation from that orderly movement would not be "field aligned current'. As Scott specifically states in his paper: By definition he's describing a "field aligned current". The Birkeland current itself, along with it's complex physical pattern is entirely visible, up and down the energy spectrum. In electrical discharges in the Earth's atmosphere, and solar discharges can result in the emission of gamma rays and x-rays. In space even the dust is emitting light at various wavelengths. Birkleland currents are the exact opposite of dark matter. They are fully interactive with the EM spectrum. They are light emitting/absorbing filaments up and down the energy spectrum. We can see them on many wavelengths. Of course not *all* charged particle movement in space is collisionless as the corona and aurora can easily demonstrate. [MEDIA=youtube]m58-CfVrsN4[/MEDIA] [/QUOTE]
Insert quotes…
Verification
Post reply
Forums
Discussion and Debate
Discussion and Debate
Physical & Life Sciences
Galaxy rotation patterns are better explained by Birkeland currents than by dark matter.
Top
Bottom