Hi Jess,
I would say one of the most important things to understand as a beleiver is the saving work of Jesus Christ, why he came, what he did, and where you stand now afer salvation, these are the real core doctrines and understanding all that was involved at the moment of salvation will help build solid foundations to your walk with Christ.
Also it is important to understand the filling of the spirit, I always name and cite before any study as in;
1Jn 1:9 If we confess our sins, he is faithful and righteous to forgive us our sins, and to cleanse us from all unrighteousness.
This ensures the filling of the spirit so we can understand Gods word.
The four Gospels of Mathew, Mark, Luke, and John are a good place to start as these give details of their walk with Christ and have many parables Christ used to teach people.
When it comes to reading some of the parables it is important to really try and dwell on what he was trying to get accross, Christ uses a lot of analogies and metaphors, especially in the natural realm, such as fruits, reaping, water, light, when Christ uses these it is kind of analogist to how things effect us in the spiritual realm compared to the natural.
for example;
Joh 15:1 I am the true vine, and my Father is the husbandman.
Joh 15:2 Every branch in me that beareth not fruit, he taketh it away: and every branch that beareth fruit, he cleanseth it, that it may bear more fruit.
Joh 15:3 Already ye are clean because of the word which I have spoken unto you.
Joh 15:4 Abide in me, and I in you. As the branch cannot bear fruit of itself, except it abide in the vine; so neither can ye, except ye abide in me.
Joh 15:5 I am the vine, ye are the branches: He that abideth in me, and I in him, the same beareth much fruit: for apart from me ye can do nothing.
Joh 15:6 If a man abide not in me, he is cast forth as a branch, and is withered; and they gather them, and cast them into the fire, and they are burned.
Joh 15:7 If ye abide in me, and my words abide in you, ask whatsoever ye will, and it shall be done unto you.
Joh 15:8 Herein is my Father glorified, that ye bear much fruit; and so shall ye be my disciples.
Joh 15:9 Even as the Father hath loved me, I also have loved you: abide ye in my love.
What Christ is talking about here is that when we are born again we are in him and he is in us, he is the vine, us bearing fruit is talking about the fruits of the spirit, when we grow in Gods grace and knowledge we are said to bear fruit, and also in this scripture he talks about God removing branches that do not bear fruit, this can be things that get in our way that stop us from growing in Gods grace and knowledge.
Abide in him means that you need to be filled with the spirit to bear fruit, in Gods plan for your life, this also crosses over to the scriptures that talk about walk by means of the spirit.
Proverbs and Psalms in the old testament are also good to read and dwell on sometimes, Proverbs is a great book of wisdom.
A good study tool is
http://www.e-sword.net/downloads.html
The KJV version marks out all of Christs messages in red.
there are many different bibles you can download and nearly all are free.
http://www.e-sword.net/bibles.html
there is also a graphics section you can download with maps etc which may help with your studies, can download this here;
http://www.e-sword.net/graphics.html
Hope ive given you enough food for thought to get started in undestanding Gods word and plan for your life.
God Bless,
Mark777