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Discussion and Debate
Discussion and Debate
Physical & Life Sciences
Creation & Evolution
A simple calculation shows why evolution is impossible
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<blockquote data-quote="stevevw" data-source="post: 74309977" data-attributes="member: 342064"><p><strong></strong></p><p><strong>Unexpectedly small effects of mutations in bacteria bring new perspectives - November 2010</strong></p><p><em><span style="color: rgb(0, 179, 179)">Most mutations in the genes of the Salmonella bacterium have a surprisingly small negative impact on bacterial fitness. And this is the case regardless whether they lead to changes in the bacterial proteins or not</span></em></p><p><em><span style="color: rgb(0, 179, 179)"><a href="http://www.physorg.com/news/2010-11-unexpectedly-small-effects-mutations-bacteria.html" target="_blank">http://www.physorg.com/news/2010-11-unexpectedly-small-effects-mutations-bacteria.html</a></span></em></p><p><strong><span style="color: #000000">Robustness–epistasis link shapes the fitness landscape of a randomly drifting protein</span></strong></p><p><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v444/n7121/full/nature05385.html" target="_blank">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v444/n7121/full/nature05385.html</a></p><p><strong>Distribution of fitness effects caused by random insertion mutations in Escherichia coli</strong></p><p><span style="color: #00b3b3"><em> Excerpt: At least 80% of the mutations had a significant negative effect on fitness, whereas none of the mutations had a significant positive effect.</em></span></p><p><a href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/r37w1hrq5l0q3832/" target="_blank">http://www.springerlink.com/co.....q5l0q3832/</a></p><p><strong>Beyond A 'Speed Limit' On Mutations, Species Risk Extinction</strong></p><p><em><span style="color: #00b3b3">Harvard University scientists have identified a virtual "speed limit" on the rate of molecular evolution in organisms, and <strong>the magic number appears to be 6 mutations per genome per generation -- a level beyond which species run the strong risk of extinction as their genomes lose stability.</strong></span></em></p><p><a href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/10/071001172753.htm" target="_blank">Beyond A 'Speed Limit' On Mutations, Species Risk Extinction</a></p><p><span style="color: #000000"><strong>Multiple Overlapping Genetic Codes Profoundly Reduce the Probability of Beneficial Mutation</strong></span></p><p><span style="color: #00b3b3"><em><em>It is almost universally acknowledged that beneficial mutations are rare compared to deleterious mutations [1–10].,, It appears that beneficial mutations may be too rare to actually allow the accurate measurement of how rare they are [11].</em></em></span></p><p><span style="color: #00b3b3"><em>The growing evidence for a high degree of optimization in biological systems, and the growing evidence for multiple levels of poly-functionality within DNA, both suggest that mutations that are unambiguously beneficial must be especially rare.</em></span></p><p><span style="color: #00b3b3"><em>The theoretical scarcity of beneficial mutations is compounded by the fact that most of the beneficial mutations that do arise should confer extremely small increments of improvement in terms of total biological function. This makes such mutations invisible to natural selection.</em></span></p><p><a href="http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~gmontane/pdfs/montanez-binps-2013.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~gmontane/pdfs/montanez-binps-2013.pdf</a></p><p> There are plenty more if you need them.</p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="stevevw, post: 74309977, member: 342064"] [B] Unexpectedly small effects of mutations in bacteria bring new perspectives - November 2010[/B] [I][COLOR=rgb(0, 179, 179)]Most mutations in the genes of the Salmonella bacterium have a surprisingly small negative impact on bacterial fitness. And this is the case regardless whether they lead to changes in the bacterial proteins or not [URL]http://www.physorg.com/news/2010-11-unexpectedly-small-effects-mutations-bacteria.html[/URL][/COLOR][/I] [B][COLOR=#000000]Robustness–epistasis link shapes the fitness landscape of a randomly drifting protein[/COLOR][/B] [URL]http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v444/n7121/full/nature05385.html[/URL] [B]Distribution of fitness effects caused by random insertion mutations in Escherichia coli[/B] [COLOR=#00b3b3][I] Excerpt: At least 80% of the mutations had a significant negative effect on fitness, whereas none of the mutations had a significant positive effect.[/I][/COLOR] [URL='http://www.springerlink.com/content/r37w1hrq5l0q3832/']http://www.springerlink.com/co.....q5l0q3832/[/URL] [B]Beyond A 'Speed Limit' On Mutations, Species Risk Extinction[/B] [I][COLOR=#00b3b3]Harvard University scientists have identified a virtual "speed limit" on the rate of molecular evolution in organisms, and [B]the magic number appears to be 6 mutations per genome per generation -- a level beyond which species run the strong risk of extinction as their genomes lose stability.[/B][/COLOR][/I] [URL='https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/10/071001172753.htm']Beyond A 'Speed Limit' On Mutations, Species Risk Extinction[/URL] [COLOR=#000000][B]Multiple Overlapping Genetic Codes Profoundly Reduce the Probability of Beneficial Mutation[/B][/COLOR] [COLOR=#00b3b3][I][I]It is almost universally acknowledged that beneficial mutations are rare compared to deleterious mutations [1–10].,, It appears that beneficial mutations may be too rare to actually allow the accurate measurement of how rare they are [11].[/I][/I] [I]The growing evidence for a high degree of optimization in biological systems, and the growing evidence for multiple levels of poly-functionality within DNA, both suggest that mutations that are unambiguously beneficial must be especially rare.[/I] [I]The theoretical scarcity of beneficial mutations is compounded by the fact that most of the beneficial mutations that do arise should confer extremely small increments of improvement in terms of total biological function. This makes such mutations invisible to natural selection.[/I][/COLOR] [URL]http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~gmontane/pdfs/montanez-binps-2013.pdf[/URL] There are plenty more if you need them. [/QUOTE]
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A simple calculation shows why evolution is impossible
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