In US politics, people often conflate conservative with Republican and liberal with Democrat. In Christianity, people often conflate conservative with orthodox and liberal with unorthodox. Viewing the terms "liberal" and "conservative" through these lenses can be confusing and misleading without knowing the details.
Conservatives generally prefer to keep things as they are or pine for the way things used to be (which is why MAGA has traction with US conservatives). This is relative however, as the way things used to be in one location isn't necessarily the way things used to be in a different location. As such, a US conservative may have radically different political values than a Russian conservative even if their religious values are similar.
A US Republican might love Patrick Henry's quote "Give me liberty or give me death!", for instance. This sentiment has a long tradition in our country. However, it is a very liberal thing to say. What is being conserved by our US Republican here is a liberal ideal. A Russian conservative, on the other hand, might simply agree with whatever Putin says because they like Russia the way it is and don't want to risk standing out. Preferring to go along to get along.
In politics, researchers usually define “conservativism” as a general tendency to resist change and
tolerate social inequality. “Liberalism” means a tendency to embrace change and reject inequality.
Psychologists have long suspected that a few fundamental
differences in worldviews might underlie the conservative-liberal rift. Forty years of research has shown that, on average, conservatives see the world as a more dangerous place than liberals do. This one belief seemed to help explain many American conservative stances in policy disagreements, such as support of gun ownership, border enforcement, and increased spending on police and the military—all of which, one can argue, are meant to protect people from a threatening world.
But new research by psychologist Nick Kerry and me at the University of Pennsylvania contradicts that long-standing theory. We find instead that the main difference between the left and the right is whether people
believe the world is inherently hierarchical. Conservatives, our work shows, tend to believe more strongly than liberals in a hierarchical world, which is essentially the view that the universe is a place where the lines between categories or concepts matter. A clearer understanding of that difference could help society better bridge political divides.
Conservatives tend to believe that strict divisions are an inherent part of life. Liberals do not
www.scientificamerican.com
Interestingly, resisting change and tolerating inequality are very different things. When equality is already assumed or established, changing the status quo means moving towards inequality. This is how something like DEI isn't only opposed by racists, for instance, but by people who previously took for granted that all races were equal and therefore resist the idea of giving certain races special treatment over others.
A strong preference for hierarchy seems to be present on both the far Left and the far Right of the political spectrum. Whether we're talking communists or fascists, there's invariably a class of fat cats at the top of the pyramid calling the shots and potentially trampling the rights of those below them. Liberals, defined here as those who believe in liberty, are on neither the far Left nor the far Right.
Personally, I prefer to keep hierarchy to a minimum. As little as needed to get the job done, as people are inherently equal. Hierarchy at work makes sense to me, for instance, as it's tied to changing levels of experience and expertise, but I don't want hierarchy in my neighborhood. That's why, when I was house-hunting, I picked a home that wasn't in an HOA. I neither want nor need people telling me how to maintain my property. I think too much hierarchy can be worse than none at all, yet my religious views tend to be orthodox.
Whether I personally identify as a conservative or a liberal depends on the situation and what exactly we're talking about. Most of the time, I avoid self identifying as either. With that being said, I do think it's unfortunate that liberal has come to mean something along the lines of "blue haired nose ringed Marxist" and conservative has come to mean something along the lines of "racist abusive fascist". In the US and perhaps elsewhere, a liberal can refer to somebody who values life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness for all, and conservative can refer to somebody who wants to preserve those values.