References and Notes
1. The superficial resemblance of various embryos to one another had attracted the attention of zoologists before Haeckel, including J.F. Meckel (1781-1883), M.H. Rathke (1793-1860), and Etienne R.A. Serres (1786-1868) who theorized that embryos of higher animals pass through stages comparable to adults of lower animals, and K. von Baer (1792-1876) who was a creationist and opposed this view as well as vigorously opposing Darwinism (Encyclopedia Britannica, 1:789, 1992). It was Haeckel who popularized the idea with his catchy phrase “ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny” (meaning that the development of the human embryo in the womb is a rerun of the steps in man’s alleged evolutionary rise from a primitive creature).
2. R. Grigg, ‘Ernst Haeckel: Evangelist for evolution and apostle of deceit’, “Creation” magazine 18 (2): 33-36, 1996.
3. E.g. Stephen J. Gould has said, ‘Both the theory [of recapitulation] and “ladder approach” to classification that it encouraged are, or should be, defunct today.’ Dr Down’s Syndrome, Natural History, 89:144, April 1980, cited by Henry Morris, The Long War Against God, Baker Book House, Michigan, p.139, 1989.
4. E.g., World Book Encyclopedia, 6:409-410, 1994; Colliers Encyclopedia, 2:138, 1994; Carl Sagan, The Dragons of Eden, Book Club Associates, London, pp. 57-58, 1977.
5. Creationists have for many years pointed out that similarity does not prove common ancestry, but can equally well arise from common design, common pathways for engineering efficiency, etc. See “DNA Similarity of Humans and Chimps—does it prove common ancestry? AIG Article
6. E.g. Scott Gilbert, ‘Developmental Biology’, Sinauer Associates, Massachusetts, fifth edition pp. 254 and 900, 1997, where Gilbert wrongly attributes the drawings to ‘Romanes, 1901’. And George B. Johnson, ‘Biology’, Mosby-Year Book, St. Louis, p. 396, 1992.
7.E.g. Mahlon Hoagland and Bert Dodson, ‘The Way Life Works’, Ebury Press, London, p. 174, 1995, presents Haeckel’s drawings in full color, no less! And Richard Leakey, ‘Illustrated Origin of Species’, Faber and Faber, London, p. 213, 1986, where Leakey calls Haeckel’s recapitulation dogma ‘misleading’ but still reproduces the drawings.
8. Michael Richardson et al, Anatomy and Embryology, 196(2): 91-106, 1997.
9. Elizabeth Pennisi, Haeckel’s Embryos: Fraud Rediscovered, Science 277(5331):1435, 5 September 1997.
10. Embryonic fraud lives on, New Scientist 155(2098):23, September 1997.
11. Nigel Hawkes, The Times (London), p. 14, 11 August 1997.
12. Creationists have always been aware of Haeckel’s frauds, though not necessarily its extent. See Ian Taylor, ‘In the Minds of Men’, TFE Publishing, Toronto, pp.185ff., 275ff., 1986; Wilbert H. Rusch Sr, Ontogeny Recapitulates Phylogeny, Creation Research Society, 6(1): 27-34, June 1969; Douglas Dewar, Difficulties of the Evolution Theory, Edward Arnold & Co., London, Chapter VI, 1931. Also Assmusth and Hull, Haeckel’s Frauds and Forgeries, Bombay Press, India, 1911.
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