Scientific Evidence For Hebrew Exodus Ca. 2400 B.C.

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Egyptian Record

"Indeed the face is pale; ... what the ancestors foretold has arrived...." -- Ipuwer, scribe, Papyrus 1, date debated

"Indeed, the women are barren and none conceive." -- Ipuwer, scribe, Papyrus 1, date debated

"... pestilence is throughout the land, blood is everywhere, death is not lacking..." -- Ipuwer, scribe, Papyrus 2, date debated

"Indeed, many dead are buried in the river; the stream is a sepulcher and the place of embalmment has become a stream." -- Ipuwer, scribe, Papyrus 2, date debated

"Indeed, the land turns around as does a potter's wheel..." -- Ipuwer, scribe, Papyrus 2, date debated

"Indeed, the river is blood, yet men drink of it. Men shrink from human beings and thirst after water. Indeed, gates, columns and walls are burnt up, while the hall of the palace stands firm and endures. " -- Ipuwer, scribe, Papyrus 2, date debated

"Indeed, men are few, and he who places his brother in the ground is everywhere." -- Ipuwer, scribe, Papyrus 2, date debated

"Indeed, the desert is throughout the land, the nomes [districts] are laid waste, and barbarians from abroad have come to Egypt." -- Ipuwer, scribe, Papyrus 3, date debated

"Indeed, gold and lapis lazuli, silver and turquoise, carnelian and amethyst, Ibhet-stone and [. . .] are strung on the necks of maidservants." -- Ipuwer, scribe, Papyrus 3, date debated

"Indeed, hair [has fallen out] for everybody, and the man of rank can no longer be distinguished from him who is nobody." -- Ipuwer, scribe, Papyrus 4, date debated

"Indeed, the children of princes are dashed against walls...." -- Ipuwer, scribe, Papyrus 4 & 5, date debated

"Indeed, that has perished which yesterday was seen...." -- Ipuwer, scribe, Papyrus 4 & 5, date debated

"Indeed, all animals, their hearts weep; cattle moan because of the state of the land." -- Ipuwer, scribe, Papyrus 5, date debated

"Indeed, everywhere barley has perished ...." -- Ipuwer, scribe, Papyrus 6, date debated

"Behold, he whose hair is fallen out...." -- Ipuwer, scribe, Papyrus 8, date debated

"They cover their faces through fear of the morrow." -- Ipuwer, scribe, Papyrus 16, date debated

Hebrew Record

"Thus saith the LORD, In this thou shalt know that I am the LORD: behold, I will smite with the rod that is in mine hand upon the waters which are in the river, and they shall be turned to blood. And the fish that is in the river shall die, and the river shall stink; and the Egyptians shall lothe to drink of the water of the river." -- Exodus 7:17-18

"And the fish that was in the river died; and the river stank, and the Egyptians could not drink of the water of the river; and there was blood throughout all the land of Egypt." -- Exodus 7:21

"And all the Egyptians digged round about the river for water to drink; for they could not drink of the water of the river." -- Exodus 7:24

"Behold, the hand of the LORD is upon thy cattle which is in the field...." -- Exodus 9:3

"And the LORD did that thing on the morrow, and all the cattle of Egypt died: but of the cattle of the children of Israel died not one." -- Exodus 9:6

"So there was hail [meteorites], and fire mingled with the hail, very grievous, such as there was none like it in all the land of Egypt since it became a nation. And the hail smote throughout all the land of Egypt all that was in the field, both man and beast; and the hail smote every herb of the field, and brake every tree of the field. Only in the land of Goshen, where the children of Israel were, was there no hail." -- Exodus 9:24-26

"And the flax and the barley was smitten...." -- Exodus 9:31

"And the children of Israel did according to the word of Moses; and they borrowed of the Egyptians jewels of silver, and jewels of gold, and raiment: And the LORD gave the people favour in the sight of the Egyptians, so that they lent unto them such things as they required. And they spoiled the Egyptians." -- Exodus 12:35-36

Scientific Commentary

"Once the choice was made for the First Intermediate Period reasons were found to date it to the beginning of the period or even to the last years of Pepi II in the Old Kingdom." -- John van Seters, archaeologist, December 1964

"And these were not miracles seen just by a couple of people, these were events that have been seen by the entire nation. More than this, the population of Egypt was involved, and if we think a little more, these events could not have been even limited to the land of Egypt." -- Immanuel Velikovsky, polymath, 1966

"No, if these things happened, really happened, they must be not only in Biblical source but also Egyptian source in the first place. Egyptian record. I looked for it; I found it. [An] Eyewitness [Ipuwer] describe the catastrophe -- the very same plagues. Strange was to me that the translator of the papyrus [The Admonitions of Ipuwer] now in Holland in [the] museum of the University of Leiden and there since more than a hundred years, [the] papyrus translated in 1909 by Gardiner, he didn't even feel that the very same verses that he translate[d] in modern English he could read in the story of the plagues in King James Version. This was observed a case of some scotoma. But scotoma was with all of us. How is it that a book that was read more than any other book, translated into scores of languages, commented upon by many commentators through so many generations, but none of them was seeing or reading stone for stone and fire for fire?" -- Immanuel Velikovsky, polymath, 1966

"Most Egyptologists agree that the Pyramid complex of King Neferkare Pepi II, the last major monument of the Old Kingdom, exhibits the same high quality of craftsmanship as its predecessors and gives no hint of the Dark Age soon to engulf all aspects of Egyptian civilization." -- Barbara Bell, archaeologist, 1971

"Pepi II ... appears to have had the longest reign in Egyptian history and perhaps in all history. The Turin Royal Canon credits him with upwards of ninety years. One version of the Epitome of Manetho indicates that he 'began to rule at the age of six and continued to a hundred.' Although modern scholars have questioned this, it remains to be disproved." -- William K. Simpson, historian, The Ancient Near East: A History, 1971

"Ipuwer had been understood by earlier scholars to be an attack by Ipuwer on a ruler, probably Pepi II." -- R. J. Williams, professor, 1981

"According to the Midrash, the Pharaoh of the Exodus was named Akidam and he had a short reign of four years. The Pharaoh who preceded him, whose death prompted Moses' return to Egypt (Exodus 2:23, 4:19), was named Malul. Malul, we are told, reigned from the age of six to the age of 100. Such a long reign - 94 years! - sounds fantastic, and many people would hesitate to take this Midrash literally. As it happens though, Egyptian records mention a Pharaoh who reigned for 94 years, and not only 94 years, but from the age of six to the age of 100! This Pharaoh was known in inscriptions as Pepi (or Phiops) II. The information regarding his reign is known both from the Egyptian historian-priest Manetho, writing in the 3rd century BCE, and from an ancient Egyptian papyrus called the Turin Royal Canon, which was only discovered in the last century." -- Brad Aronson, scholar, 1995

jericho_trd.gif


"Gerald E. Aardsma, Ph.D., has proposed an alternate solution, one that solves these problems and does justice to both biblical and secular scientific evidence. He has shown that the correct biblical chronology date for the Conquest is ca. 2400 B.C., not ca. 1400 B.C. By this solution, it is the ca. 2400 B.C. destruction at Jericho, shown in the charts above, which must be credited to Joshua." -- The Biblical Chronologist, 1996

"H. Frankfort, in an article published in 1926, brought together in support of this interpretation, archaeological evidence for many Syrian related button seals which first appear in Egypt, according to Frankfort, during the Sixth Dynasty about the time of Pepi II .... On the basis of the button seals, he concludes that the value of the Admonitions of Ipuwer (which was thought to refer to the time of Pepi II) as an 'historical document' was established." -- Thomas L. Thompson, historian, 2002

Scientific Publications

Van Seters, J., A Date For The 'Admonitions' In The Second Intermediate Period, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Volume 50, Pages 12-23, 1964

Bell, B., The Dark Ages in Ancient History: I . The First Dark Age in Egypt, American Journal of Archaeology, Volume 75, Number 1, Pages 1-26, Jan 1971

Williams, R.J., The Sages of Ancient Egypt in Light of Recent Scholarship, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Volume 101, Number 1, Pages 1-19, 1981

Aardsma, G.E., A New Approach to the Chronology of Biblical History from Abraham to Samuel, 1993

What is the Missing Millenium Discovery?, Biblical Chronologist, 1993

In 1990, Dr. Aardsma proposed a major adjustment to traditional biblical chronology. He proposed that the "480" of 1 Kings 6:1 was originally "1,480" but the Hebrew letters corresponding to the "one thousand" were lost at an early stage of copying.

This proposal is applied in the second time chart at left. The new biblical date for the Exodus becomes ca. 2450 B.C., and prior biblical events are similarly shifted to earlier times, by exactly 1000 years relative to traditional biblical chronology.

This change is radical, and at first unimaginable. However, as one begins to examine the archaeology at the new dates, the harmony between biblical and secular accounts is overwhelming. Egypt is struck by national disaster, effectively causing the collapse of the Old Kingdom at the end of the sixth dynasty. The trail of the Israelites in the desert at the time of the Exodus, and remains of their encampment dating to exactly this time period have been found. Both Jericho and Ai were destroyed ca. 2400 B.C., with destruction layers accurately fitting the biblical descriptions. The evidence that Dr. Aardsma's proposal is correct has become overwhelming and continues to mount.

This discovery and the ensuing research have resolved the conflicts between biblical and secular histories prior to the United Kingdom period. Dr. Aardsma's research has also led to many exciting discoveries surrounding early biblical events such as Noah's Flood. Conservative, Bible-believing scholarship today has an answer for those who claim that the Old Testament stories are mere fabrications. This discovery is of extreme significance to anyone who believes the Bible or studies biblical archaeology.

Aronson, B., When Was the Exodus?, Jewish Action, 1995

Is Bryant Wood's Chronology of Jericho Valid?, The Biblical Chronologist, Volume 2, Number 3, 1996

DeMonocal, P.B., Cultural Responses to Climate Change During the Late Holocene, Science, Volume 292, Number 5517, Pages 667-673, Apr 2001

Thompson. T.L., The Historicity of the Patriarchal Narratives: The Quest for the Historical Abraham, 2002

Stanley, J-D., et al., Nile Flow Failure at the End of the Old Kingdom Egypt: Strontium Isotopic and Petrologic Evidence, Geoarchaeology, Volume 18, Issue 3, Pages 395-402, Feb 2003

Drysdale, R., at al., Late Holocene Drought Responsible for the Collapse of Old World Civilizations is Recorded in an Italian Cave Flowstone, Geology, Volume 34, Number 2, Pages 101-104, Feb 2006

Arz, H.W., et al., A Pronounced Dry Event Recorded Around 4.2 ka in Brine Sediments From the Northern Red Sea, Quaternary Research, Volume 66, Issue 3, Pages 432-441, Nov 2006
 
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Agonaces of Susa

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Good post, bro
Thanks AV!

but I prefer what the Bible has to say over all that secular stuff.
;)

The Book of Jasher (Midrash) is just as much the Bible as the Book of Kings.

"Is not this written in the book of Jasher? So the sun stood still in the midst of heaven, and hasted not to go down about a whole day." -- Joshua 10:13

You don't think God would ever allow a copying error?

"It is the glory of God to conceal a thing: but the honour of kings is to search out a matter." -- Proverbs 25:2

The 1400-1500 B.C. date for the Exodus is problematic for obvious reasons.

Ahmose, Amenhotep, and Thutmose don't seem to match the pharaohs of the exodus.

However, 2400 B.C. agrees with the Midrash and all other evidence.
 
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AV1611VET

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Ah yes, ignore the mismatched genealogies and descriptions of the order of certain events and insert random apocrypha where it doesn't belong.

Whatever you guys need to tell yourselves :wave:
What are you talking about?

I don't believe the Apocrypha was inspired.

I only responded to one line of his post, since the term "copying error" caught my attention.
 
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Agonaces of Susa

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Ah yes, ignore the mismatched genealogies and descriptions of the order of certain events and insert random apocrypha where it doesn't belong.
I'm the one matching chronologies therefore I cannot possibly be ignoring mismatched chronologies.

Rather it is you who is ignoring mismatched chronologies.

Whatever you guys need to tell yourselves
Anything to tell yourself Egyptian and Jewish history is a lie I guess...:wave:
 
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ReverendDG

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<quotes snipped to shrink post>
okay, this is just plain weak, you are making an assumption on a paper that you quote saying "date debated". this document doesn't even sound very much like the 10 plagues, why do you assume it is about the 10 plagues?
people place the date around 1800-1600 anyway, so you aren't even close.

Hebrew Record
<same>
wow so you basically just quote-mine the bible? a few things seem to indicate the writers had read the papyrus and made a story out of it.
you are grasping at straws here.

Scientific Commentary

"Once the choice was made for the First Intermediate Period reasons were found to date it to the beginning of the period or even to the last years of Pepi II in the Old Kingdom." -- John van Seters, archaeologist, December 1964
what is this talking about?

"And these were not miracles seen just by a couple of people, these were events that have been seen by the entire nation. More than this, the population of Egypt was involved, and if we think a little more, these events could not have been even limited to the land of Egypt." -- Immanuel Velikovsky, polymath, 1966
who cares what velkovsky thinks? he thought the locusts came from venus.

"No, if these things happened, really happened, they must be not only in Biblical source but also Egyptian source in the first place. Egyptian record. I looked for it; I found it. [An] Eyewitness [Ipuwer] describe the catastrophe -- the very same plagues. Strange was to me that the translator of the papyrus [The Admonitions of Ipuwer] now in Holland in [the] museum of the University of Leiden and there since more than a hundred years, [the] papyrus translated in 1909 by Gardiner, he didn't even feel that the very same verses that he translate[d] in modern English he could read in the story of the plagues in King James Version. This was observed a case of some scotoma. But scotoma was with all of us. How is it that a book that was read more than any other book, translated into scores of languages, commented upon by many commentators through so many generations, but none of them was seeing or reading stone for stone and fire for fire?" -- Immanuel Velikovsky, polymath, 1966
the papyrus doesn't read like the 10 plagues, other than the things about animals dying, where is the stuff about boils and darkness?

"Most Egyptologists agree that the Pyramid complex of King Neferkare Pepi II, the last major monument of the Old Kingdom, exhibits the same high quality of craftsmanship as its predecessors and gives no hint of the Dark Age soon to engulf all aspects of Egyptian civilization." -- Barbara Bell, archaeologist, 1971

The Biblical Chronologist, Volume 2, Number 3, 1996
so what? honestly why quote this? whats your point?
"Pepi II ... appears to have had the longest reign in Egyptian history and perhaps in all history. The Turin Royal Canon credits him with upwards of ninety years. One version of the Epitome of Manetho indicates that he 'began to rule at the age of six and continued to a hundred.' Although modern scholars have questioned this, it remains to be disproved." -- William K. Simpson, historian, The Ancient Near East: A History, 1971
manetho was wrong on a few things, maybe he was right about this, so what?
"Ipuwer had been understood by earlier scholars to be an attack by Ipuwer on a ruler, probably Pepi II." -- R. J. Williams, professor, 1981
that is one of the theories around the pyprus, that it is about the turmoil during the intermediate period
"According to the Midrash, the Pharaoh of the Exodus was named Akidam and he had a short reign of four years. The Pharaoh who preceded him, whose death prompted Moses' return to Egypt (Exodus 2:23, 4:19), was named Malul. Malul, we are told, reigned from the age of six to the age of 100. Such a long reign - 94 years! - sounds fantastic, and many people would hesitate to take this Midrash literally. As it happens though, Egyptian records mention a Pharaoh who reigned for 94 years, and not only 94 years, but from the age of six to the age of 100! This Pharaoh was known in inscriptions as Pepi (or Phiops) II. The information regarding his reign is known both from the Egyptian historian-priest Manetho, writing in the 3rd century BCE, and from an ancient Egyptian papyrus called the Turin Royal Canon, which was only discovered in the last century." -- Brad Aronson, scholar, 1995
yes and so what? no one doubts the bible can have facts in it! living to 100 is impressive and considering the amount of effort to control canaan put forth by egypt, i would expect the israelites to know about the pharaohs



"Gerald E. Aardsma, Ph.D., has proposed an alternate solution, one that solves these problems and does justice to both biblical and secular scientific evidence. He has shown that the correct biblical chronology date for the Conquest is ca. 2400 B.C., not ca. 1400 B.C. By this solution, it is the ca. 2400 B.C. destruction at Jericho, shown in the charts above, which must be credited to Joshua." -- The Biblical Chronologist, 1996
wait what? no it doesn't! that picture is talking about wood's claim that kenyan is wrong and jericho was destroyed in 1400 bc not 1550.
jericho was never destroyed in 2400, Ai was. Ai stayed that way till 1200, so even if aardsma claims what he does, he has to reconcile why the cities show signs of being destroyed at different points.


"H. Frankfort, in an article published in 1926, brought together in support of this interpretation, archaeological evidence for many Syrian related button seals which first appear in Egypt, according to Frankfort, during the Sixth Dynasty about the time of Pepi II .... On the basis of the button seals, he concludes that the value of the Admonitions of Ipuwer (which was thought to refer to the time of Pepi II) as an 'historical document' was established." -- Thomas L. Thompson, historian, 2002
this proves what?


Scientific Publications

Van Seters, J., A Date For The 'Admonitions' In The Second Intermediate Period, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Volume 50, Pages 12-23, 1964

Bell, B., The Dark Ages in Ancient History: I . The First Dark Age in Egypt, American Journal of Archaeology, Volume 75, Number 1, Pages 1-26, Jan 1971

Williams, R.J., The Sages of Ancient Egypt in Light of Recent Scholarship, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Volume 101, Number 1, Pages 1-19, 1981

Aardsma, G.E., A New Approach to the Chronology of Biblical History from Abraham to Samuel, 1993

What is the Missing Millenium Discovery?, Biblical Chronologist, 1993



Aronson, B., When Was the Exodus?, Jewish Action, 1995

Is Bryant Wood's Chronology of Jericho Valid?, The Biblical Chronologist, Volume 2, Number 3, 1996

DeMonocal, P.B., Cultural Responses to Climate Change During the Late Holocene, Science, Volume 292, Number 5517, Pages 667-673, Apr 2001

Thompson. T.L., The Historicity of the Patriarchal Narratives: The Quest for the Historical Abraham, 2002

Stanley, J-D., et al., Nile Flow Failure at the End of the Old Kingdom Egypt: Strontium Isotopic and Petrologic Evidence, Geoarchaeology, Volume 18, Issue 3, Pages 395-402, Feb 2003

Drysdale, R., at al., Late Holocene Drought Responsible for the Collapse of Old World Civilizations is Recorded in an Italian Cave Flowstone, Geology, Volume 34, Number 2, Pages 101-104, Feb 2006

Arz, H.W., et al., A Pronounced Dry Event Recorded Around 4.2 ka in Brine Sediments From the Northern Red Sea, Quaternary Research, Volume 66, Issue 3, Pages 432-441, Nov 2006
so.. your argument is what?
posting a bunch of quotes is not an argument, this isn't even evidence of anything, other than a bunch of loosely related facts about a document and a king.
the stuff from aardsma is mere speculation to make his claims work, that is all. plus he is just an appeal to authority, he is not an archaeologist, nor does his claims fix the issues anyway.

my question for you is this, why bother citing woods? he disputes dating around 1550, which if your claim is true, is irrelevant anyway.

what is aardsma's proof here? he claims the number of years is 1,480 but was lost to a copying error, but what evidence does he have for it?
even so, this proves nothing about if joshua did it or someone else, and at this point archaeologists believe egyptians destroyed Ai in 2400 bc

here is a quote i want an answer for:
[FONT=Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif]The problem is that before Joshua attacked and destroyed these cities, Moses'
[/FONT]
[FONT=Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif]Israelites are portrayed as attacking Sihon the Amorite of Heshbon, and upon
[/FONT]
[FONT=Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif]his demise, taking over his Trans-Jordanian kingdom. Tell Hesban is identified
[/FONT]
[FONT=Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif]with Heshbon and it is no older than 1200 BCE; It didn't come into existence
[/FONT]
[FONT=Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif]until 1,200 years after Joshua suppossedly destroyed Ai according to the
[/FONT]​
[FONT=Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif]Aardsmas ![/FONT]
[FONT=Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif]
from
[/FONT]http://www.bibleorigins.net/AardsmaExodusTheoryEBII.html
if this is true, it does refute aardsma and reduces the bible to what current science thinks of it, a story book.
it doesn't sound like a lot of the cities existed for joshua to destroy in 2400 bc, so isn't that a problem?
 
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Nathan Poe

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It's getting kind of sad what our current crop of fundies will try to pass off as "science."

Wikipedia said:
The sole surviving manuscript dates to the later 13th century BCE (no earlier than the 19th dynasty in the New Kingdom). Egyptologist Dr Halpern believed that the papyrus was a copy of an earlier Middle kingdom copy. The dating of the original composition of the poem is disputed, but several scholars, have suggested a date between the late 6th dynasty and the Second Intermediate Period (ca. 1850 BCE - 1600 BCE). The theme of this work has previously been taken either as a lament inspired by the supposed chaos of the First Intermediate Period, or as historical fiction depicting the fall of the Old Kingdom several centuries earlier, or possibly a combination of these.
Ipuwer describes Egypt as afflicted by natural disasters and in a state of chaos, a topsy-turvy world where the poor have become rich, and the rich poor, and warfare, famine and death are everywhere. One symptom of this collapse of order is the lament that servants are leaving their servitude and acting rebelliously. Because of this, and such statements as "the River is blood", some have interpreted the document as an Egyptian account of the Plagues of Egypt and the Exodus in the Old Testament of the Bible, and it is often cited as proof for the Biblical account by various religious organisations.
David Rohl recently proposed a revised chronology, dating the Exodus to the Second Intermediate Period, in which case Ipuwer might refer to that event. However, Rohl's chronology has been rejected by Kenneth Kitchen. Moreover, the association of Ipuwer with the Exodus is generally rejected by Egyptologists.Those who interpret the Exodus as a historical event generally place it later, in the reign of Ramesses II.This in spite of the fact that there is absolutely no evidence from archaeology or from any documents that Ramses II had to deal with the Ten Plagues or anything like them, or that he chased after runaway slaves. Some have alternatively interpreted the poem's references to disturbances in nature as relating to the Thera eruption, which according to dendrochronology and radiocarbon dating occurred ca. 1650-1600 BCE.

...but I do thank you for clueing me in on this interesting piece of literature.
 
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ReverendDG

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It's getting kind of sad what our current crop of fundies will try to pass off as "science."



...but I do thank you for clueing me in on this interesting piece of literature.
what do you expect when his only real source is someone from ICR making an unsupported claim and a bunch of redundant quotes?
the fact that a lot of the cities according to his claim(well aardsma's claim) didn't even exist yet! i mean did joshua wander around canaan and and the transjordan area till they built the cities or something? the bible doesn't give that impression, and it wouldn't be good for the people anyway.

it is when you start fishing for anything to support a failing theology that you really get into trouble:clap:
 
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Agonaces of Susa

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"The most unreliable source on Earth: Wiki Bloody Pedia." -- Lord Christopher Monckton, polymath, 2009

a date between the late 6th dynasty
Thank you for providing evidence to support my case.

...but I do thank you for clueing me in on this interesting piece of literature.
You're welcome. I'm surprised you've never heard of the Exodus.
 
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ReverendDG

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"The most unreliable source on Earth: Wiki Bloody Pedia." -- Lord Christopher Monckton, polymath, 2009
BBC NEWS | Technology | Wikipedia survives research test

The free online resource Wikipedia is about as accurate on science as the Encyclopedia Britannica, a study shows. - from bbc


Thank you for providing evidence to support my case.
that doesn't support your case, pepi the second wasn't even born in 2400bc.


You're welcome. I'm surprised you've never heard of the Exodus.
he's talking about the papyrus, the bible is well known to be wrong.

by the way, are you going to answer my post? or are you going to admit that your OP proves nothing?
 
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kangitanka

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kangitanka

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Actually, he's quite poor at it. He needs to get better at it if he wants to be a ctreationist in this day and age, but he doesn't have the knack for it.
Perhaps I should have added the sarcasm :p at the end of my post?
Quite frankly, he's not poor at at, he's horrible and blatant and obvious about it.
Almost as if he's doing it on purpose in the most flagrant way, over and over again.
 
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Nathan Poe

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Perhaps I should have added the sarcasm :p at the end of my post?

Poe's Law strikes again.

Quite frankly, he's not poor at at, he's horrible and blatant and obvious about it.
Almost as if he's doing it on purpose in the most flagrant way, over and over again.


Well, that's what makes him poor at it.
 
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