Who was Josephus ?
- Christian History
- 2 Replies
When it says Jewish it means Judean living in Judah/Judea or of the religion of the Judeans. Also the word Judaism (Judeanism) appears zero times in his complete works. Josephus likely was not Christian so was synagogue of satan religion.
Flavius Josephus (c. AD 37 – c. 100) was a Jewish priest, general, historian, and later a Roman citizen whose writings are among the most important sources for Second Temple Judaism and the world of the New Testament.
If you’d like, I can walk through Josephus’s references to Jesus and James line by line, or compare his chronology with the Gospels and Acts, or assess how later Christian scribes handled his text.
All this books are free audiobook on youtube or e books online or physical books are sold online.
Here is a clear chronological timeline of the Judean–Roman Wars, consistently using “Judean” rather than “Jewish,” and keeping close to ancient historical framing (Josephus, Roman historians, later sources).
Flavius Josephus (c. AD 37 – c. 100) was a Jewish priest, general, historian, and later a Roman citizen whose writings are among the most important sources for Second Temple Judaism and the world of the New Testament.
Early life (c. AD 37–66)
- Born Yosef ben Mattityahu in Jerusalem to a priestly (Hasmonean-linked) family.
- Educated in Jewish law and traditions; claims familiarity with Pharisees, Sadducees, and Essenes.
- By his mid-20s he was recognized for learning and sent on an embassy to Rome (c. AD 64), gaining exposure to imperial power.
The Jewish War & turning point (AD 66–70)
- At the outbreak of the First Jewish–Roman War, Josephus was appointed commander in Galilee.
- After the fall of Jotapata, he surrendered to Roman general Vespasian.
- Josephus famously predicted Vespasian’s rise to emperor. When this came true (AD 69), Josephus was spared, freed, and adopted the Roman family name Flavius.
Life in Rome (after AD 70)
- Lived under Flavian patronage (Vespasian, Titus, Domitian).
- Received a pension, Roman citizenship, and access to archives.
- Devoted himself to writing history to explain Jewish affairs to Greco-Roman readers and to defend Judaism against slander.
Major works
- The Jewish War(c. AD 75)
- An eyewitness-style account of the revolt and the destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple (AD 70).
- Antiquities of the Jews(c. AD 93/94)
- A sweeping history from Creation to AD 66.
- Contains the famous passages about John the Baptist, James the brother of Jesus, and the debated Testimonium Flavianum concerning Jesus.
- Against Apion
- A defense of Judaism against Greek critics; argues for the antiquity and reasonableness of Jewish law and Scripture.
- Life (Vita)
- An autobiographical defense of his conduct, especially in Galilee.
Beliefs & reputation
- Identified with Pharisaic interpretations, yet wrote in a way accessible to Greeks and Romans.
- Controversial figure: viewed by some Jews as a traitor, by others as a survivor-historian whose works preserved invaluable information.
- For Christians, Josephus is crucial as a non-Christian witness to first-century Judaism and figures mentioned in the New Testament.
Death & legacy
- Died in Rome around AD 100.
- His writings shape modern understanding of:
- Second Temple Judaism
- The background of Jesus and early Christianity
- The Jewish–Roman War and the fall of Jerusalem
If you’d like, I can walk through Josephus’s references to Jesus and James line by line, or compare his chronology with the Gospels and Acts, or assess how later Christian scribes handled his text.
All this books are free audiobook on youtube or e books online or physical books are sold online.
Here is a clear chronological timeline of the Judean–Roman Wars, consistently using “Judean” rather than “Jewish,” and keeping close to ancient historical framing (Josephus, Roman historians, later sources).
Background (before AD 66)
- 63 BC – Pompey the Great captures Jerusalem; Judea becomes a Roman client state.
- 37–4 BC – Reign of Herod the Great (Roman-backed king).
- AD 6 – Judea becomes a Roman province under direct rule; census of Quirinius sparks unrest.
- AD 40s–60s – Growing tension: taxation, Roman governors, priestly disputes, sectarian conflict, and messianic expectations.
First Judean–Roman War (AD 66–73)
(Also called the Great Revolt)Outbreak
- AD 66
- Revolt begins in Jerusalem after abuses by the Roman procurator Gessius Florus.
- Judeans defeat Roman forces at Beth Horon.
- Roman legate Cestius Gallus retreats in defeat.
Roman counteroffensive
- AD 67
- Vespasian and his son Titus invade Judea.
- Galilee falls (including Jotapata).
- Josephus is captured.
- AD 68
- Romans consolidate control of Judea outside Jerusalem.
- Roman civil war begins after Nero’s death.
Fall of Jerusalem
- AD 69
- Vespasian becomes emperor.
- Titus takes command of the Judean campaign.
- AD 70
- Siege and destruction of Jerusalem.
- Second Temple destroyed (month of Av).
- Massive loss of life; captives taken to Rome.
Final resistance
- AD 73
- Masada falls to Roman forces.
- End of the First Judean–Roman War.
Origins (AD 6–30)
AD 6
- Census of Quirinius when Judea becomes a Roman province.
- Judas the Galilean and Zadok the Pharisee lead resistance.
- Josephus calls this the “Fourth Philosophy” (besides Pharisees, Sadducees, Essenes).
- Core ideology formed:
- God alone is ruler
- No tribute to Rome
- Death preferable to slavery
- This is the birth of the Zealot ideology, though not yet a mass movement.
AD 6–30
- Movement survives underground.
- Periodic unrest and sporadic violence.
- Leaders and followers are executed or dispersed.
- Ideology continues to spread quietly, especially in Galilee and Judea.
Radicalization (AD 30–50)
AD 30s
- Roman crucifixions increase.
- Banditry (lēstai in Josephus) becomes more frequent — often ideological rather than criminal.
- Zealot ideas blend with messianic expectations.
AD 40s
- Sons and followers of Judas the Galilean continue agitation.
- Roman procurators respond harshly.
- Seeds of organized revolt are forming, but no unified command yet.
Rise of the Sicarii (AD 50–66)
Early AD 50s
- Emergence of the Sicarii (“dagger-men”).
- Assassinate collaborators in public places, especially Jerusalem festivals.
- Josephus treats them as an extreme wing of the Zealot cause.
AD 52–60
- Sicarii active under procurators Felix and Festus.
- High priests, elites, and Roman sympathizers targeted.
- Popular fear spreads in Jerusalem.
Open Revolt & Zealot Rule (AD 66–70)
AD 66
- Outbreak of the First Judean–Roman War.
- Zealots seize Jerusalem.
- Roman garrison massacred.
- Temple authorities overthrown.
AD 67
- Zealot factions dominate Jerusalem.
- Moderate Judean leaders executed.
- Internal violence increases.
- John of Gischala emerges as a major Zealot leader.
AD 68
- Zealots and Sicarii intensify terror.
- High priesthood corrupted and politicized.
- Civil war inside Jerusalem between rival Zealot factions.
AD 69
- Simon bar Giora enters Jerusalem with his own armed followers.
- Three-way civil war inside the city:
- John of Gischala
- Simon bar Giora
- Eleazar ben Simon
- Temple precinct becomes a battlefield.
AD 70
- Roman siege under Titus.
- Zealot infighting continues during the siege.
- Second Temple destroyed.
- Zealot leadership annihilated or captured.
- Simon bar Giora paraded and executed in Rome.
Final Resistance (AD 70–73)
AD 70–73
- Remaining Sicarii retreat to Masada.
- Conduct raids on nearby Judean settlements.
- Roman siege under Flavius Silva.
AD 73
- Fall of Masada.
- Mass death of defenders (as reported by Josephus).
- End of organized Zealot resistance.
Aftermath & Legacy
Post-AD 73
- Zealot movement ceases as an organized force.
- Roman repression eliminates ideological militancy in Judea.
- Memory of the Zealots preserved largely through Josephus, often negatively.
- Later rabbinic tradition views Zealot extremism as contributing to the Temple’s destruction.
Summary Timeline (Compressed)
- AD 6 – Judas the Galilean; Zealot ideology founded
- AD 6–50 – Underground resistance
- AD 50s – Sicarii assassinations
- AD 66 – Revolt begins; Zealots seize Jerusalem
- AD 67–69 – Zealot rule and civil war
- AD 70 – Jerusalem and Temple destroyed
- AD 73 – Masada falls; movement ends
Judean Zealot Sects around AD 70
By the time of the siege of Jerusalem, the “Zealots” were not a single unified group, but multiple militant sects and warbands, often violently opposed to one another.1. The Zealots Proper (Temple Zealots)
Identity
- Core ideological heirs of Judas the Galilean (AD 6).
- Saw themselves as guardians of God’s kingship.
- Centered on Jerusalem and the Temple.
- Claimed legitimacy through zeal for the Law (qanah).
Beliefs
- God alone is ruler; no foreign lord may reign.
- Armed resistance is a religious duty.
- Death preferable to submission.
- Temple purity more important than political compromise.
Base
- Temple precincts (inner courts).
- Jerusalem aristocracy purged.
Leader
Eleazar ben Simon
- Son of Simon (possibly Simon the Zealot mentioned earlier by Josephus).
- Controlled the inner Temple.
- Zealously guarded sacrifices and access.
- Eventually fought other Zealot factions inside the Temple itself.
Fate
- Crushed during Roman siege.
- Temple burned while they still occupied it.
2. John of Gischala’s Zealot Faction
Identity
- Militarized Galilean Zealot group.
- Less priestly, more political and opportunistic.
- Used Zealot ideology but sought personal dominance.
Beliefs
- Zeal for freedom, but flexible with violence.
- Willing to manipulate Temple institutions.
- Less concerned with ritual purity than power.
Base
- Originally Galilee.
- Later controlled much of Jerusalem, including outer Temple courts.
Leader
John of Gischala
- Charismatic, ruthless, highly intelligent.
- Former Galilean commander.
- Rival of Josephus.
- Entered Jerusalem under pretense of defending the city.
- Controlled large armed forces and supplies.
Actions
- Fought Eleazar ben Simon.
- Burned rival food stores, worsening famine.
- Eventually fought Simon bar Giora.
Fate
- Captured alive by Romans.
- Imprisoned for life.
3. Simon bar Giora’s Movement
Identity
- A mass-based revolutionary warlord, not a Temple priest.
- Represented rural and lower-class Judeans.
- Closest to a popular messianic kingship model.
Beliefs
- Judea must be freed entirely.
- Strong anti-elite and anti-aristocracy stance.
- More openly royalist/messianic in tone.
Base
- Countryside of Judea.
- Later controlled Upper City of Jerusalem.
Leader
Simon bar Giora
- Towering physical presence (per Josephus).
- Styled himself as king.
- Issued orders like a sovereign ruler.
- Wore royal garments during final defense.
Actions
- Brought tens of thousands into Jerusalem.
- Fought both John of Gischala and Eleazar ben Simon.
- Controlled executions and food distribution.
Fate
- Captured after Jerusalem fell.
- Paraded in Titus’ triumph in Rome.
- Executed publicly.
4. The Sicarii (Extreme Zealots)
Identity
- Most radical Zealot sect.
- Named after the sica (dagger).
- Specialized in assassination and terror.
Beliefs
- Total rejection of compromise.
- Willing to kill Judeans viewed as collaborators.
- Hostile even to other Zealots.
Base
- Initially Jerusalem crowds.
- Later Masada.
Leader
Eleazar ben Jair
- Descendant of Judas the Galilean.
- Ideological purist.
- Rejected alliances with other Judean factions.
Actions
- Public assassinations during festivals.
- Kidnappings and forced allegiance.
- After AD 70, raided Judean villages.
Fate
- Last stand at Masada (AD 73).
- Mass death of defenders ends Sicarii resistance.
5. Zealot-aligned Prophets & Messianic Figures
Identity
- Not formal commanders.
- Charismatic religious leaders.
- Promised divine intervention.
Beliefs
- God would intervene visibly.
- Signs and wonders imminent.
- Jerusalem would not fall.
Role
- Encouraged resistance during siege.
- Led crowds into fatal confrontations.
- Undermined rational defense.
Josephus’ View
- Sees them as false prophets, but admits their influence was enormous.
Internal Conflict (Critical Factor)
By AD 69–70, Jerusalem was divided:| Faction | Territory |
|---|---|
| Eleazar ben Simon | Inner Temple |
| John of Gischala | Outer Temple & city |
| Simon bar Giora | Upper City |
- Civil war during siege
- Food stores destroyed
- Thousands killed by fellow Judeans
- Romans exploited divisions