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Philosophy of History Part I: Facts

ToddNotTodd

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I don't particularly care what you're learning in class. I'm telling you what the definitions mean in the context of how I understand them. If your definition of "fact" is something different, or you think that there is a "historical fact" that differs from an everyday "fact", then I'll need to know what it is.

You sound like a minimalist. That's good to know, as it helps me judge the potential this conversation has. So, I'll ask the question: What value does ancient history have? To better explore that question, I ask you to provide an example.

Recent history is important in it's practical ability to inform the present and future. Ancient history, however, is of less importance, as it can be more difficult to apply information to the present. Knowing that 1,000 years ago Country 'A' hated Country 'B' seems of little importance if the two countries have been allies for the past 100 years.

In addition, it's much more important to establish the facts of recent history than of ancient history. Was Socrates real or an invention of Plato? Did William Shakespeare or Francis Bacon write Romeo and Juliet?

My answer is "Who cares? What's the consequence of believing one over the other, or believing neither?".

You still sound Platonist. You speak of the term "evidence" as if it is self-evident - a Form. Again, examples would help.

You're either misunderstanding me or what a Platonist is. I'm far from being a Platonist. Evidence is a term to apply to a piece of information that is used to build a case in establishing a statement to be true. It's not a form in any sense at all.
 
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Resha Caner

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I don't particularly care what you're learning in class.

Then you've ceded any chance of convincing me of your position. If you don't care about my position, this is not a discussion - it's you talking at me. Maybe you don't care. If so, good to know.

I'm telling you what the definitions mean in the context of how I understand them.

OK. Thanks for clarifying. There is a difference between colloquial use and the use of words within specific disciplines. I think it's going to make it difficult for you to interpret what historians are saying if you don't understand their methods and how they use certain terms. FYI, I have a BA in history and I'm about 1/3 of the way through my MA program, but ... whatever.

If your definition of "fact" is something different, or you think that there is a "historical fact" that differs from an everyday "fact", then I'll need to know what it is.

I've tried to explain, but I don't see the point of giving you anything more when you say you're not interested in my learning and you won't provide any examples of your own.

My answer is "Who cares? What's the consequence of believing one over the other, or believing neither?".

Thanks for explaining your attitude toward history.

You're either misunderstanding me or what a Platonist is. I'm far from being a Platonist. Evidence is a term to apply to a piece of information that is used to build a case in establishing a statement to be true. It's not a form in any sense at all.

Why do you need evidence? Isn't it true whether you have evidence or not? IOW, it's truth is independent of the evidence.
 
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ToddNotTodd

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Then you've ceded any chance of convincing me of your position. If you don't care about my position, this is not a discussion - it's you talking at me. Maybe you don't care. If so, good to know.

You started out by seemingly implying that consensus has something to do with a statement being an actual fact instead of conjecture. I'm saying it doesn't, since that entails a logical fallacy no matter what your field of study is.

"What are some example facts in this passage? The process of answering that question will likely involve building a consensus."

But perhaps it's the case that amongst historians, a "fact" is the same as "conjecture". And if that's the case, then the conjecture is open to anyone with an opinion.


Lol. I'm pretty intelligent, so I don't think I'd have a problem understanding...

I've tried to explain, but I don't see the point of giving you anything more when you say you're not interested in my learning and you won't provide any examples of your own.

You haven't really explained anything. And I've given you an example of what I would call a "fact".

Why do you need evidence? Isn't it true whether you have evidence or not? IOW, it's truth is independent of the evidence.

I'll try again. Evidence is necessary to establish that a statement is a fact. The statement "That man died 150 years ago from a heavy blow to the head." needs at least the following forensic evidence:

• The bones are from a man.
• The bones are 150 years old.
• The skull shows signs of trauma consistent with a heavy blow.

Now, even without the evidence, the statement could be a fact. But there's no reason to believe that it is a fact without the evidence. Before the evidence, it's just a statement. It works the same way with the statement "Hannibal led elephants across the Alps." Without good evidence, there's no reason to believe that it's a fact.
 
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Resha Caner

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You started out by seemingly implying that consensus has something to do with a statement being an actual fact instead of conjecture. I'm saying it doesn't, since that entails a logical fallacy no matter what your field of study is.

That's not what I meant, so I doubt the logical fallacy you have in mind (whatever it is) applies.

I'll try again. Evidence is necessary to establish that a statement is a fact. The statement "That man died 150 years ago from a heavy blow to the head." needs at least the following forensic evidence:

1) Why is this evidence sufficient for you? I can think of reasons why each of those 3 criteria could be misleading.
2) Why is this evidence necessary for you? If that is what you require, then we have no facts of the deaths of billions of people. Maybe my great-great-grandfather is still alive.

It comes down to this: First, there is no definitive method. You can state what works for you, but that doesn't obligate professional historians to adhere to your requirements. Second, you must be convinced. Isn't that it? If you're not. Fine. You're not convinced. But do you expect an entire super-majority of professional historians to change their position because of you? So, you don't consider it to be a fact. The historical profession does. I imagine the profession will go on calling things facts even if you disagree. Yes?

I'm not accusing you of dodging my question. I understand you've made the attempt. I'm saying that given the position you're taking, your answer is not sufficient for me. If you don't care about convincing me, we can move on. Otherwise, you need to answer: Who decides it's a fact?

Your answer has been: evidence. But that isn't getting the job done. A group presents evidence and says: This is sufficient for us to conclude this is a fact. Another group says: No, that is not sufficient evidence. Who breaks the tie?

I can play devil's advocate for your example, but I don't think that's going to gain us anything.
 
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Resha Caner

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So what DO historians do with the question of the elephants?

I can't say I've taken a poll or done a survey of all the opinions in the literature. But, I imagine most historians would say there is no reason to reject it as a historical event.
 
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durangodawood

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I can't say I've taken a poll or done a survey of all the opinions in the literature. But, I imagine most historians would say there is no reason to reject it as a historical event.
Is that the same as "we may as well consider it to be" a historical event?
 
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ToddNotTodd

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That's not what I meant, so I doubt the logical fallacy you have in mind (whatever it is) applies.

It would be the argument from authority fallacy. But apparently you're not saying what I thought you were.

1) Why is this evidence sufficient for you? I can think of reasons why each of those 3 criteria could be misleading.

I didn't say they would be sufficient. They are, however, obviously necessary. And the criteria themselves can't be misleading. I think you meant to say that the evidence for the criteria could be misleading.

2) Why is this evidence necessary for you? If that is what you require, then we have no facts of the deaths of billions of people. Maybe my great-great-grandfather is still alive.

Why is it necessary to establish that a skeleton is male before verifying a statement saying that the skeleton is male? You're not seriously asking me that are you?

And why on earth would you have a reason to believe your great great grandfather is still alive? Do you have evidence of this?

It comes down to this: First, there is no definitive method. You can state what works for you, but that doesn't obligate professional historians to adhere to your requirements.

There is a definitive process to determine if any piece of evidence is valid. And it can be evaluated by anyone with a cursory background in Philosophy, regardless of their profession. If that evidence is shown to include a logical fallacy, then it can be thrown out. You can agree to that, correct?

I'm saying that given the position you're taking, your answer is not sufficient for me. If you don't care about convincing me, we can move on. Otherwise, you need to answer: Who decides it's a fact?

No one decides something is a fact. That's ridiculous. People individually accept or do not accept a statement as a fact. That's why the consensus by itself is meaningless. The only things that matter are the reasons behind the opinions of the consensus. You seem to be deifying the consensus itself.

Your answer has been: evidence. But that isn't getting the job done. A group presents evidence and says: This is sufficient for us to conclude this is a fact. Another group says: No, that is not sufficient evidence. Who breaks the tie?

No one. Why do you think you would need to?
 
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Resha Caner

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Is that the same as "we may as well consider it to be" a historical event?

Pretty much. It's the historian's way of saying, "I believe it is historical, but I will do my best to honestly consider arguments to the contrary." Or in others words, "I believe it to be the best position given the known evidence, but future evidence could change that position." The first way is just more succinct.
 
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durangodawood

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Seems like historians need a scale of factuality. Something like:
1. Historical fact
2. Plausible narrative
3. Not plausible narrative
With item 1 broken into a few gradations.
 
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Resha Caner

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Why is it necessary to establish that a skeleton is male before verifying a statement saying that the skeleton is male? You're not seriously asking me that are you?

No, I'm not. If that was the statement you were trying to establish, why didn't you say that. I thought you were trying to establish the man was dead because you said: "The statement "That man died 150 years ago from a heavy blow to the head." needs at least the following forensic evidence ..."

And why on earth would you have a reason to believe your great great grandfather is still alive? Do you have evidence of this?

Oi. First I need forensic evidence to support my belief that he is dead. Now I need evidence to support something I don't believe? I never said I thought he was alive. I took you to say you wouldn't accept his death as fact without forensic evidence. So what are you trying to emphasize here? That he's dead? That he died 150 years ago? That he's male?


No. I am not aware of this definitive process that obligates assent. I'd sure like to have such a process, because there is quite often disagreement amongst me and my engineering colleagues about the success/failure of a variety of tests. Please list this process for me.

No one decides something is a fact. That's ridiculous. People individually accept or do not accept a statement as a fact.

Semantics.

That's why the consensus by itself is meaningless. The only things that matter are the reasons behind the opinions of the consensus. You seem to be deifying the consensus itself.

Please don't put words in my mouth. I've made no attempt to deify anything. This process of individually accepting or rejecting, is it always done in complete absence of other people? Are you saying an attempt to reach consensus has no value?

No one. Why do you think you would need to?

I don't. Again, please don't push this off on me. I am asking questions based on my impression of your position. If such does not represent your position, please just say so. I am willing to accept there are cases where evidence that convinces me does not convince others. Within the historical profession it would be intellectually dishonest for me to publish my opinion without acknowledging it is an opinion that dissents from the majority (in situations where that is the case). Are you willing to acknowledge that you (as someone without a degree in history - or at least that's what I'm assuming at this point) hold a view that dissents from the majority of historians?

In those cases, is it proper for you to make statements such as: "This is or is not a fact"
 
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Resha Caner

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Seems like historians need a scale of factuality. Something like:
1. Historical fact
2. Plausible narrative
3. Not plausible narrative
With item 1 broken into a few gradations.

There's no official scale, but there is an informal one. For example, a historian might refer to a particular figure as mythical, legendary, or historical. That indicates their level of confidence. There are other such terms indicating levels of confidence. Unfortunately, as was pointed out, history is not a hard science. So, we can't assign numerical confidence bands.
 
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durangodawood

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I wasnt suggesting the numbers illustrate an actual quantitative assessment, but just the order from high to low reliability.
 
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Resha Caner

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I wasnt suggesting the numbers illustrate an actual quantitative assessment, but just the order from high to low reliability.

OK. I think something like that already exists, but as I said I'm not aware of a formalized list of terms.
 
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From the end of Resha Caner's post #43
“Why do you need evidence? Isn't it true whether you have evidence or not? IOW, it's truth is independent of the evidence.”

Yes, if something is true (real, factual ) it is so independent of any (or no) evidence (and any or no consensus ).

But evidence is needed for us dum dum elephants to have somewhere to put our feet so we can get down off this freezing mountaintop and get to kick Roman backside.

@ Resha C – really enjoying this thread. Could you differentiate for us fact – truth – reality? In their essence I see them as the same. A fact that is not true is not a fact. Is this not a fact?
><>
 
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Resha Caner

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Could you differentiate for us fact – truth – reality? In their essence I see them as the same. A fact that is not true is not a fact. Is this not a fact?

I was only speaking to the one term (fact) in the context of history. Historians will use those other words (truth, reality), but we use an entire dictionary's worth of words. That doesn't mean they all relate to historical method or that historians take upon themselves the job of defining those words. I'll let biologists define what "biology" means, and I'll let lawyers define what "law" means, etc.

So, the OP was my way of giving the historical context of the term "fact" as succinctly as possible. These conversations are always helpful to me; I've learned I may need to augment what I said in the OP, but the essence would stay the same. I just wanted that to be clear, because answering your question requires deviating from the position of historian to some of my personal philosophical views. Of course this is the philosophy forum, so hopefully I won't be faulted too much for doing that - though I imagine people will disagree with my views.

I make my living as an engineer (26 years and counting), and I have an MS in mechanical engineering. I mention that because science is a critical part of my job as an engineer, but my view of science is very unpopular here. My view basically aligns with instrumentalism - the view that the job of science is not to discover truth, but that science is an instrument - a means to a practical end. I've no problem using science to explore the physical nature of the universe, but contend the best it can ever do is produce an approximate model of the universe, which is not the same thing as truth.

My position on history is much the same. I am pursuing a graduate degree in history, but that is more as a hobby and to give me something to do in retirement. Anyway, it is not the job of history to search for truth. Rather, history weaves a narrative upon a framework of facts intended to explain why things happened the way they did and what that says about who we are now. My sound bite that answers the question, "What is history?" is "The stories we tell about ourselves."

So, from my perspective "philosophy" is a human search for knowledge. That is an older version of the term that people don't seem to use much anymore, and it means things like science are included within philosophy. Newton referred to what we call "science" as "natural philosophy" - science as we use it today is a term from the 19th century.

Further, from my perspective "theology" is the truth revealed to us by God.

So, the things we trust - upon which we would place a high level of confidence - from our philosophical pursuits are "facts" ... and I contend historical fact is not the same thing as scientific fact, etc. The things we receive from God through theology are "truths". The collection of all our facts and truths is reality.

A long answer, I know, but I think it was necessary to help you understand why I define those words as I do.
 
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Ok a lot of grist for the mill Resha C, just a few bounce backs.
Your paralleling of the disciplines of history and science causes me to ask, should not all the knowledge disciplines be considered as science? When it comes down to it, is not science just a methodology which can be used in any field of “finding out” and does not “finding out” always eventually lead to practical ends?

Concerning your OP, after pondering awhile, no I don't agree. Facts are things that are true and correct as opposed to false, existent in reality as opposed to made up in the imagination. That something is deemed to be a fact by any particular contextual consensus only tells us that by those of that consensus it is considered as a fact. Maybe it is but, it might not be. Incorrect information and downright lies have been and still are part and parcel of the fog of life.

Sorry but I can't go with; “... history … The stories we tell about ourselves.”, either. Sure, for good and bad, narratives are woven around the facts, by historians, politicians, media and by us all on a winter's nights. But no, the discipline of history should be applied to getting as near as possible to the truth, the reality, the facts of what actually happened and why.

I contend historical fact is not the same thing as scientific fact, etc. The things we receive from God through theology are "truths". The collection of all our facts and truths is reality.
What you say here deserves more time than I can give it tonight.
I sort of go with you on; "The collection of all our facts and truths is reality.". But the word "our" inevitably muddies the water.
Is there really any important difference between historical facts and a scientific facts, as pieces of information? What is it?
Go well
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