Bible2:
Because of entropy, the universe could not have arisen from something physical which had always existed outside of the universe.
Quath:
I guess all I can say is that scientists who understand entropy can envision it and are working with the concept. So either you are smarter and more knowledgable than all the general relativists and cosmologists who are working in this field, or maybe you don't understand entropy as well as you think you do.
Just as our universe ever since the Big Bang has been cooling down overall, and because of entropy will not be able to heat up again overall without some external source of power, so anything physical which had always existed outside of the universe would over eternity past have become and then remained too cold to ever give rise to the extremely-hot Big Bang singularity only some 13 billion years ago.
Special relativity is for fast moving objects (Newtonian energy concepts break down).
Special relativity is for both fast and slow moving objects. Newtonian energy concepts don't break down with fast moving objects.
General relativity is for massive objects.
General relativity is for both massive (as in very large) objects and small objects.
(Newton's gravity can not handle things like frame dragging.)
That doesn't matter because Newton's gravity equation is just an extremely good man-made approximation, not an always-exactly-precise law of the universe itself, and so it can be corrected in instances by general relativity. In the case of frame dragging, Newton's equation is off by only one part in a few trillion.
Bible2:
General relativity works everywhere including at the quantum level and at black holes.
Do a search for "general relativity quantum" and you will find that this is wrong. For example, from Wikipedia: "However, it is still an open question as to how the concepts of quantum theory can be reconciled with those of general relativity." General relativity does not handle the singularity of a black hole well. It is expected that a quantum general relativity theory will help this along.
It is still an open question because it has never been proven that general relativity doesn't work everywhere including at the quantum level and at black hole singularities.
Bible2:
For example, a hot plate set on a counter will eventually cool down, and it will never heat up again unless some outside source of energy is applied to it.
That is conservation of energy, not entropy. Entropy is used to describe how you can extract useful work from available energy. One great example is a box with two chambers with a turbine connecting the two. One side has a gas and the other side is a vacuum. The gas flows over the turbine and energy is extracted until pressure is the same in both sides of the box. The overall temperature decreases from the extraction of the energy.
So if there is a hole between the two boxes, atome can flow freely between the two. If we randomly get a large number on one side more than the other, we can plug the hole and let the turbine take more energy out. This is one way to violate entrophy. It is better known as "Maxwell's Demon."
While entropy was discovered by people seeing how much useful work they could extract from available energy, the concept of entropy itself still applies to a hot plate on a counter eventually cooling down to the surrounding room temperature, no less than entropy applies to the overall temperature of a steam turbine decreasing unless energy is constantly fed into it. Even Maxwell admitted that entropy is assured, that it cannot be stopped by any merely-physical means. His opening and closing of the hole between the boxes only for certain particles is not done by any act of nature itself but by a demon knowing what he is doing and performing the work of repeatedly opening and closing the hole only for certain particles: this unnatural work done to counter the natural effect of entropy means that there is actually no natural violation of the law of entropy. Also, the demon would require some energy-consuming device in order to be able to measure the particles to see if he should open the door for a particle or not. So, again, entropy is not violated.
Bible2:
That astronomer was wrong, if he meant that a star can appear suddenly out of nothing, for that would violate the first law of thermodynamics.
It does not violate the first law. Energy is conserved due to the negative energy of gravity.
It does violate the first law of thermodynamics because gravity itself is not negative energy, but only the curvature of spacetime.
Bible2:
That astronomer was right, if he meant that stars can spring into existence once enough already-existing hydrogen gas has come together and become condensed enough by gravity to become hot enough to ignite the thermonuclear process which lights up stars.
It means it can happen in a region of no matter. The probelm is that it is statistically extremely small.
It cannot happen in a region of no matter, because of the first law of thermodynamics.
Bible2:
What is causing the gravity well of a star is the mass of the star itself, so that it is not possible to take the star out of its gravity well because its gravity well continues to surround it no matter where it goes in space.
You can take it apart an atom at a time.
The fact that a star could theoretically be taken apart one atom at a time doesn't change the fact that a star cannot suddenly appear out of nothing, because that would violate the first law of thermodynamics.
Bible2:
No astronomer will verify that the first law of thermodynamics can be violated.
I agree. That is why the can conclude that gravity works out to be negative energy.
That is a circular argument, saying that gravity must be negative energy because a star can appear out of nothing because gravity is negative energy.
Bible2:
What Einstein thought was that the idea of quantum entanglement had to be wrong because under his own relativity law it is not possible for anything in the universe to move faster than light.
Right, so spooky action at a distance is some communication moving faster than light. This means that if we measure particle A and it changes particle B in one reference frame, we could easily claim that measuring particle B changed particle A in another reference frame. It means we can do an experiment today that will decide if a particle chooses a path billions of years ago. Einstein was shown to be wrong and spooky action at a distance is reality.
In spooky action at a distance, the communication occurs instantly, whether the particles are billions of light years apart or not. It doesn't change what a particle did in the past, in the sense of before a measurement is made in the present, because no change can occur until a measurement is made. Nothing about spooky action at a distance means that the past can be changed, because it has already happened. What spooky action at a distance means is that information can travel faster than the speed-limit of the speed of light set for everything physical by Einstein's special relativity. So spooky action at a distance requires non-physical, as in spiritual, communication. Thus the word "spooky", which means relating to "spooks", which are ghosts or spirits.
Bible2:
The universe is still expanding, and it has only been expanding for some 13 billion years, so it cannot possibly be infinite.
One possibile way to visualize this is to imagine parts of the universe are under compression while others are expanding. We can not see beyond the visible universe, but we know from gravity effects that there must be more.
Even if the universe extends beyond what we can see, it still cannot be infinite, because of the reasons stated.
Bible2:
Instead, the kinetic energy of the object before it hits the earth simply changes into heat energy upon impact.
The kinetic energy comes from gravity.
Actually, the kinetic energy doesn't come from gravity itself, which is only a curving of spacetime, but from the zero-point energy which fills all spacetime and which consists of the lowest possible kinetic energy of particles. Because of gravity's slowing-effect on time, time passes more quickly above a falling object than below it. Because of this, there is more time for more zero-point energy to pass through the space above a falling object than below it. This causes there to be more pressure from the zero-point energy above a falling object than below it, thus causing a downward acceleration of the object from the frame of reference of an observer. Once the object strikes the earth, its kinetic energy is converted into heat, which ultimately disperses and cools down to the point where it becomes zero-point energy again, thus completing a cycle. In this cycle, the energy involved always remains positive, and there is never any violation of the conservation of energy.
The gravity well of the Earth subtly changes when an object falls down.
That's right, but the earth's gravity well itself is not energy, but only a curving of spacetime.
I think we may be agreeing here but using different words. I agree that virtual particles do not have positive energy.
Half of the virtual particles have positive energy and their partner virtual particles have negative energy. They appear together out of the zero-point energy only momentarily and then disappear, leaving behind nothing at all but the original zero-point energy from which they arose.
However, they do affect things through gravity and other effects. (This may not be the part we agree with.)
Zero-point energy would very slightly increase gravity, just as all energy/mass increases gravity, but the pressure of zero-point energy moving through all space far outweighs its slight increase of gravity, so that it is zero-point energy which is winning the battle against gravity by causing the universe to increase its rate of expansion.
We don't know enough to really talk about "before" the Big Bang, but it is recognized that the "time" dimension is probably very different.
But there still has to be another time dimension which pre-existed the one created after the Big Bang, or else the Big Bang would never have occurred, for it was a change to the Big Bang singularity, and no change can occur without time.
Here is a small blurb on this from "Ask an Astronomer."
For there to be quantum fluctuations in the Big Bang singularity, there had to already be some dimension of time, for a fluctuation is a change, and there can be no change where there is no time. Also, it is a perfectly good question to ask what came before the Big Bang singularity; indeed, it is a necessary question because of the laws of entropy and the conservation of energy. And because of these laws of science, there is no excuse for anyone, especially scientists, not knowing the answer: the Big Bang singularity could only have come into existence by God's eternal power (Romans 1:20).