Quath:
Every theory has limits on where it applies.
Entropy is not a theory, but a proven fact, and it applies to everything physical. Because of entropy, the universe could not have arisen from something physical which had always existed outside of the universe. Instead, the universe could only have come into existence by the eternal power of God (Romans 1:20).
Newtonian physics is for slow matter without too much mass.
Newtonian physics is also for fast matter. Also, there is no such thing in Newtonian physics as matter with too much mass.
General relativity works everywhere by at the quantum level and with a lot of uncertainity at black holes.
General relativity works everywhere including at the quantum level and at black holes.
Entropy works when we are dealing with large number of particles in a statistical sense in an expanding universe.
Entropy works in everything physical.
An analogy to entropy is taking a lot of dice that are sitting with "1" showing. If you roll all these dice, the odds are that "1" will not be on every die. However, roll it enough and you will eventually get all "1"s again and have reset the entropy.
Actually, that is not an analogy of entropy. And, really, no analogy is needed because entropy itself can be seen quite plainly in everyday life. For example, a hot plate set on a counter will eventually cool down, and it will never heat up again unless some outside source of energy is applied to it.
I remember talking to an astronomer and he told me that a star could spring into existance with no net energy gained or lost to the universe.
That astronomer was wrong, if he meant that a star can appear suddenly out of nothing, for that would violate the first law of thermodynamics. For the same reason, the universe could not have sprung out of nothing; God had to have created the universe by his eternal power (Romans 1:20).
That astronomer was right, if he meant that stars can spring into existence once enough already-existing hydrogen gas has come together and become condensed enough by gravity to become hot enough to ignite the thermonuclear process which lights up stars.
The energy it would take to bring everything out of the gravity well would equal to the energy cost of creating it in the first place.
A gravity well is not energy itself, but simply a warping of spacetime. What is causing the gravity well of a star is the mass of the star itself, so that it is not possible to take the star out of its gravity well because its gravity well continues to surround it no matter where it goes in space. Also, because of the first law of thermodynamics, there is no energy cost to the universe when a huge hydrogen-gas ball ignites by thermonuclear reactions and becomes a star.
The energy you are seeing is not taking into the negative energy due to gravity.
The only negative energy due to gravity is in black holes, and that negative energy is not gravity itself, but virtual negative-energy particles which were drawn into the black holes while their simultaneously-created partners, virtual positive-energy particles, were thrown out into space. These virtual particle pairs are not formed by gravity, but by vacuum fluctuations in the underying, zero-point energy of the universe. And because they are only formed in positive-negative pairs, they never violate the first law of thermodynamics.
Ask some astronomers about this. If they have studied inflation or general relativity, they will verify this.
No astronomer will verify that the first law of thermodynamics can be violated. The universe could not have created itself from nothing; God had to have created the universe by his eternal power (Romans 1:20).
And Einstein knew that if you have two events that are connected by something faster than light, then in some reference frame, the ordering of the events are reversed. So if one impacts or causes the other to changes, then we have lost the ability to say that cause happens before the effect. That is why Einsteon did not like this "spooky action at a distance."
What Einstein thought was that the idea of quantum entanglement had to be wrong because under his own relativity law it is not possible for anything in the universe to move faster than light. Einstein saw the idea of quantum entanglement as proof that quantum mechanics was on the wrong track and needed much more work before it could properly describe reality.
One theory of the Big Bang has it coming into existance frim a 0 dimensional point into a full infinite 3 dimensional world. Some assume that dimensions unroll in some local spots and may unroll differently in other parts of the universe. As of now, when we measure the universe, it appears to be flat and have no center. One explanation is that it is infinite in all directions and completely filled with matter. Another is that inflation has smoothed any flatness away without knowing of the universe was really flat large scale but with it being possible.
The universe is still expanding, and it has only been expanding for some 13 billion years, so it cannot possibly be infinite. Also, it is not completely filled with matter, but contains huge voids between the galaxies, just as there are voids between the stars of galaxies.
I was talking about the net change in energy. The rest masses are the same vbefore and afterwards so that does not need to come into the picture.
When an object hits the earth, there can be no net change of energy, because of the first law of thermodynamics. Instead, the kinetic energy of the object before it hits the earth simply changes into heat energy upon impact.
Virtual particles can be electron/positron pairs.
That is incorrect, because with regard to electron/positron pairs, virtual particles can be only virtual-electron/virtual-positron pairs, which are not the same as real electrons and real positrons. They are not the same because virtual particles consist of pairs of virtual positive-energy and virtual negative-energy particles, whereas real electrons and real positrons both have real positive energy (simply with a different electric charge). Also, when virtual positive-energy and virtual negative-energy particles annihilate each other, they give off no energy at all, while when real electrons and real positrons annihilate each other they give off positive energy. In both cases, there is no net creation or destruction of energy, as this is forbidden by the first law of thermodynamics. The positive energy given off by annihilating real electrons and real positrons is no more than the positive energy which was already contained by the real electrons and real positrons before their annihilation.
They exist for as long as the Heisenburg uncertainity allows and then disappear.
That is true for virtual particles only, not for real particles.
It is not about the mass, but about the curvature of spacetime arguments. It costs 0 energy to create a universe, so a black hole could be a way to pinch off a piece of our universe and blossom it into a whole new one that could be made of different physics. However, we need a quantum theory of general relativity to know if this is the case.
It requires tremendous amounts of net positive energy/mass to create a universe with anything in it. Our universe contains 4x10**69 Joules net positive energy/mass because so much exists within it. Also, nothing in a black hole ever leaves this universe, for it simply becomes part of the ball of superdense matter at the center of the black hole, which ball never leaves this universe because of the first law of thermodynamics.
Bible2:
There is no such thing as the Big Crunch; the universe will expand forever.
By current estimates we assume that. Howeverm dark energy was reecently discovered. Maybe stheing else will be discovered that counteracts dark energy or dark energy reverses itself once the universe density drops below a certain value?
Dark energy is the same as the zero-point energy which fills all space, so that as the amount of space increases as the universe expands, this energy passes through more total space, causing more total pressure in space, thereby causing the rate of the expansion of the universe to increase. Nothing in the universe can possibly counteract this energy because it is already the lowest point of energy possible, and because it exists at every point in space throughout the universe. Also, this energy can never "reverse" itself because in net it is always perfectly balanced between virtual positive energy and virtual negative energy.
Eternity means existing for all of time. So the creation of time both has a beginning and has existed for all of eternity.
The creation of spacetime in the Big Bang could not be the beginning of all dimensions of time, because the Big Bang singularity had to exist in some dimension of time before the Big Bang occurred. Also, because the Big Bang singularity could not have created itself because of the first law of thermodynamics, something outside of the Big Bang singularity, God, had to have created it, and God has to exist in some dimension of time because without time there can be no change, no action performed, such as God creating the Big Bang singularity by his eternal power (Romans 1:20).