There are three possibilities:Not much, frankly.
I will try to explain once more, but then give up on this one. If you don't get it this time I won't waste any more of my time on it.
In 1967 Dr Christiaan Barnard believed that a heart transplant might be possible. This had never been done before, and no doubt many people thought it could not be done, but he studied the possibilities and decided that it might work.
Then he had to convince the people around him in Cape Town that it might work, and then he had to convince a patient to be the first to undergo such an operation.
Anyone with an objective view on this will recognise that there is an immense amount of faith involved in all of this. It was impossible to know for sure until after a step was taken in faith.
Sadly the first patient did not survive, because he developed pneumonia, but processes were refined and now around 3,500 heart transplants happen every year worldwide.
None of this would be possible if Dr Barnard - and many others - had not had faith, and acted on it. You sneeringly suggest that science is not based on blind faith; well I have news for you, neither is religion. In each case it behaves in the same way, but you either can't or won't see it. The scientist does not pluck ideas from thin air, and neither does the theologian. Both study their field to find out what might be possible, and then formulate theories. Both test those theories. Both are subject to peer review.
You also mentioned papers; they can be written at any stage of this process; as an indicator of what might be possible, as a description of what has taken place or at any other point. And there is indeed faith involved; faith in the credibility of the author, for one thing. If once any given author is discredited then he or she can publish whatever they like; it will never be respected.
This is how the world of science works. It is also how the world of belief works. Having a theory is not enough; once we have the theory we have to step out in faith before we can know for certain that we are right.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_transplantation
Certain
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However, not all possible things should be approached the same way. It's possible that I could get struck by lightening walking to my car. It's also possible that it could start raining on my way to the car. While both those scenarios are possible, one is far more likely than the other. Hence why I grab an umbrella, not a Faraday cage.
With the heart transplant issue, such transplants had already been successfully done in animal models, so there was good evidence that not only was it theoretically possible, but within reach of the technology of the day. The basis of that belief was already extensively tested by other surgeons. Such faith in 1967 was justified, but going under the knife 100 years earlier 1867 would have been foolish.
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