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Luke 2:
Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges:
Ellicott explained the motivation:
It was a special detail applicable to the Jewish population.
There was no extra-biblical evidence that Rome required people to return to their hometown for a census. Logistically, it made no sense to do so.1 In those days a decree went out from Caesar Augustus that all the world should be registered.
Why would Quirinius require people to return to their hometown for the census?2 This was the first registration when Quirinius was governor of Syria. 3 And all went to be registered, each to his own town.
Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges:
Jamieson-Fausset-Brown was similar: 3. went … to his own city—the city of his extraction, according to the Jewish custom, not of his abode, which was the usual Roman method.every one into his own city] This method of enrolment was a concession to Jewish prejudices. The Roman method was to enrol each person at his own place of residence.
Ellicott explained the motivation:
Why would Quirinius require people to return to their hometown for the census?(3) All went to be taxed.—As a rule the practice in a Roman census was to register people in their place of residence; but this was probably modified in Palestine, in deference to the feelings of the people. After the death of Herod and the division of his kingdom, … the subjects of one tetrarchy would not have been registered as belonging to another.
It was a special detail applicable to the Jewish population.