Christian influences in JRR Tolkien's fantasy novels

Anna the Seeker

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I just thought it would spark interesting conversations.

A few facts about the author first:

- Tolkien was a very devout Catholic. He embraced Catholicism especially much, because his beloved and deceased mother was a Catholic too, and she taught him many things and encouraged him in his path of studying literature and languages.
- Tolkien managed to convert his Atheist friend CS Lewis as a Christian. Though Lewis did not choose to become a Catholic, but an Anglican.

Now about similarities or connections between Eä, his fantasy universe, and the Bible:

- Religions. Eä is monotheistic, though some worship the Valar as gods. In fact the Valar are more like archangels (Tolkien said this himself) - each come from a fragment of thought of Eru, the one god, and are guardians and caretakers of their own elements and moods.

- The elves. Tolkien took influence from the Poetic Edda, Aos Sí and some other national epics, but he actually described the elves as unfallen humans. They are his idea of what mankind would have been like if it wouldn't have fallen to sin. They are highly loyal to their spouses, and not even death can part them. Even if they do get killed, they can be resurrected - unless a punishment from sin prevents that.

- Mankind. The idea of sin being associated with death (like in the Bible) repeats in the story of the awakening of men. They used to live longer before they started following the first dark lord Morgoth. Even more than that, an ancient legend of men in Middle-Earth suggests that Men would originally have been like elves in the ways of being immortal. Remember how long Adam and Eve lived?

- Fallen angels. You remember Lucifer becoming Satan. In a similar way the Vala Melkor becomes Morgoth and "the fallen angel", the first dark lord. Mairon follows him and falls as well, and becomes known as Sauron. Both are jealous and power hungry, seeking to destroy or pervert anything that Eru, or the Valar loyal to him, have created. That's also the story behind orcs, I guess it can be compared to the nephilim?

- Someone like Jesus in a prophecy. This is what really stood out for me. In one of the writings of History of Middle-Earth an elven king and an elderly human wisewoman are debating on things. In here, the woman tells something about "the Old Hope", that Eru would send someone to save all his children, and that this hope would come from the mankind. In a similar way, the elf describes that Eru would somehow enter his creation himself. Sum these two together, and you know what you'll get.

Actually, Tolkien said himself that he did want to stop in this point, because it was becoming too much like a parody of Christianity in his eyes, and he hated allegory. He also wanted to stop when some versions of the newer Middle-Earth stories were becoming too dark for himself.

Some conspiracy theorists have linked Tolkien to Illuminati because of the Eye of Sauron in Lord of the Rings... but I think that's ridiculous, when I know much about the man himself. He followed Christian values and taught Christian values in his stories. He was actually determined to do just that without making it too obvious.

Besides, the Eye was defeated by knowing the blind spots of evil, and resisting the thoughts of evil. Even Gandalf, though called a wizard, wasn't an occultist, but actually one of the unfallen angels in a disguise of an old man.

Anyway, tell us what you think.
 
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dms1972

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I have read LOTR and The Hobbit but I have only read the first chapter of the Silmarillion.

With Tolkien and Lewis what they say is that it wasn't something consciously they set out to do, it was just so much a part of who they were. But any christian influences are much more implicit in Tolkien.

I never really knew much about him except from reading about his friendship with CS Lewis, so I didn't know he was christian at first. And I played the computer games before reading the books, and never realised.

Michael O'Brien has some good insights into Tolkien and says he is the most implicit of the writers Tolkien, George MacDonald, and CS Lewis. If CS Lewis can be likened to working at the harvest, and MacDonald planting the seed, then Tolkien's work has been in preparing the soil, O'Brien says.

Also there is a very good chapter by Clyde Kilby in Myth, Allegory and Gospel about Tolkien and Lord of the Rings and its influences. The main theme he says in LOTR is the metaphor that God is light.

I think they are best read simply as about what they are about in terms of the story.

Interesting in the introduction to Silmarillion Tolkien explains why he wrote:

"Many children make up, or begin to make up, imaginary languages. I have been at it since I could write. But I have never stopped...Behind my stories is now a nexus of languages...But an equally basic passion of mine ab initio was for myth (not allegory!) and for fairy-story, and above all for heroic legend on the brink of fairy story and history, of which there is far too little in the world (accessible to me) for my appetite...Also - and here I hope I shall not sound absurd - I was from early days grieved by the poverty of my own beloved country: it had no stories of its own (bound up with its tongue and soil), not of the quality that I sought, and found (as an ingredient) in legends of other lands. There was Greek, and Celtic, and Romance, Germanic, Scandinavian, and Finnish (which greatly affected me); but nothing English, save impoverished chap-book stuff. Of course there was and is all the Arthurian world, but powerful as it is, it is imperfectly naturalised, associated with the soil of Britain but not with the English; and does not replace what I felt to be missing. For one thing its 'faerie' is too lavish, and fantastical, incoherent and repetitive. For another and more important thing: it is involved in, and explicitly contains the Christian religion.

For reasons which I will not elaborate, that seems to me fatal. Myth and fairy-story must, as all art, reflect and contain in solution elements of moral and religious truth (or error), but not explicit, not in the known form of the primary 'real' world...Anyway all this stuff is mainly concerned with Fall, Mortality, and the Machine..."


Further on he says about the Ainur: "...this is, of course, meant to provide beings of the same order of beauty, power, and majesty as the 'gods' of higher mythology, which can yet be accepted - well, shall we say baldly, by a mind that believes in the Blessed Trinity."
 
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Anna the Seeker

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They should be read as stories rather than allegory, and they're good enough as stories without adding or removing anything (other belief groups can relate to them as well besides Christians, even if it is fantasy or "alternate history" as Tolkien puts it), but I can't help but notice these things once in a while.
 
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dms1972

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They should be read as stories rather than allegory, and they're good enough as stories without adding or removing anything (other belief groups can relate to them as well besides Christians, even if it is fantasy or "alternate history" as Tolkien puts it), but I can't help but notice these things once in a while.

Completely agree I think what I mean is that to say its about something else is kind of confusing. People notice these things for sure but its much more subtle as you point out. Not really the writter teaching.

And yes you're right others notice other things in it. CS Lewis said this in his review: "What shows that we are reading myth, not allegory, is that there are no pointers to a specifically theological, or political, or psychological application. A myth points, for each reader, to the realm he lives in most. It is a master key; use it on what door you like."

Thanks for starting the discussion which has got me interested in Tolkien again, that I went and ordered his book On Fairy Stories!
 
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Chicken Little

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I just thought it would spark interesting conversations.

A few facts about the author first:

- Tolkien was a very devout Catholic. He embraced Catholicism especially much, because his beloved and deceased mother was a Catholic too, and she taught him many things and encouraged him in his path of studying literature and languages.
- Tolkien managed to convert his Atheist friend CS Lewis as a Christian. Though Lewis did not choose to become a Catholic, but an Anglican.

Now about similarities or connections between Eä, his fantasy universe, and the Bible:

- Religions. Eä is monotheistic, though some worship the Valar as gods. In fact the Valar are more like archangels (Tolkien said this himself) - each come from a fragment of thought of Eru, the one god, and are guardians and caretakers of their own elements and moods.

- The elves. Tolkien took influence from the Poetic Edda, Aos Sí and some other national epics, but he actually described the elves as unfallen humans. They are his idea of what mankind would have been like if it wouldn't have fallen to sin. They are highly loyal to their spouses, and not even death can part them. Even if they do get killed, they can be resurrected - unless a punishment from sin prevents that.

- Mankind. The idea of sin being associated with death (like in the Bible) repeats in the story of the awakening of men. They used to live longer before they started following the first dark lord Morgoth. Even more than that, an ancient legend of men in Middle-Earth suggests that Men would originally have been like elves in the ways of being immortal. Remember how long Adam and Eve lived?

- Fallen angels. You remember Lucifer becoming Satan. In a similar way the Vala Melkor becomes Morgoth and "the fallen angel", the first dark lord. Mairon follows him and falls as well, and becomes known as Sauron. Both are jealous and power hungry, seeking to destroy or pervert anything that Eru, or the Valar loyal to him, have created. That's also the story behind orcs, I guess it can be compared to the nephilim?

- Someone like Jesus in a prophecy. This is what really stood out for me. In one of the writings of History of Middle-Earth an elven king and an elderly human wisewoman are debating on things. In here, the woman tells something about "the Old Hope", that Eru would send someone to save all his children, and that this hope would come from the mankind. In a similar way, the elf describes that Eru would somehow enter his creation himself. Sum these two together, and you know what you'll get.

Actually, Tolkien said himself that he did want to stop in this point, because it was becoming too much like a parody of Christianity in his eyes, and he hated allegory. He also wanted to stop when some versions of the newer Middle-Earth stories were becoming too dark for himself.

Some conspiracy theorists have linked Tolkien to Illuminati because of the Eye of Sauron in Lord of the Rings... but I think that's ridiculous, when I know much about the man himself. He followed Christian values and taught Christian values in his stories. He was actually determined to do just that without making it too obvious.

Besides, the Eye was defeated by knowing the blind spots of evil, and resisting the thoughts of evil. Even Gandalf, though called a wizard, wasn't an occultist, but actually one of the unfallen angels in a disguise of an old man.

Anyway, tell us what you think.
yes I saw some of those things in those stories.
especially the elves being unfallen man. they do look so much like how Enoch describes Noah.
Elvendale is how I always pictured Eden and later heaven because Eden will be in his kingdom somewhere. so maybe where Enoch calls 'the mountain of God'.
but I see God's plan of salvation hiding everywhere like in the movie Avatar and Cameron wasn't a christian at all. I just think that it proves that God did write the plan of salvation into everyones heart.. even Cameron's. and really even the donkey spoke and the heaven declare it . His truth is everywhere. it doesn't even takes eyes to see it just takes eyes .

it just does get hard and tiring sifting through all the stuff man thinks he believes, to see what he really believes in his soul . and I think authors have a way of telling that deep down core stuff that we are built of , they put it best on paper. and that is what makes a great writer because he is speaking to our deepest core ( deep calls unto deep ).. but if you told like Cameron he believed that the plan of salvation is the wisest plan and most brilliant plan ever created and the most profoundly fair , he would be very very upset with that person. but he does believe down deep , even if his head denies it.
 
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Look Up

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While no expert, I find "Christian influences" in Tolkien's fantasy (so far as I have read them) either ambiguous or dubious or mildly convincing depending on the issue, not that the author could not have been a Christian to come up with such stories. An example of a dubious connection might be the abuse of the Shire by Lotho and Saruman's ruffians, seen plausibly (as I think Tolkien admitted) as reflecting Tolkien's reaction against the defilements and din of the industrial revolution whose consequences he observed (even if there can be Christian motivations for preserving the pastoral beauty and fertility of mid- and northern England).

Not that the fantasies are monistic in either Buddhist or Brahman Hindu fashion. Morgoth's primeval evil (his conflicting song) serves the ends of the Creator (Iluvatar/Eru) but is ontologically distinct from the Creator of whom alone it may be said there never was a time when he was not. And while the pantheon could be and in some sense seems inescapably polytheistic (cf. the worship of Elbereth) despite Tolkien's Catholicism, their derivation and origin in the Creator probably finds no unambiguous parallel in monism the way it could in older forms of animism (e.g., in Africa and Japan) which have concepts of a single original Deity/Creator. Even if some Catholics in practice worship saints or angels (i.e., seen as parallel to the Valar), Tolkien's fantasies cannot be taken to advocate such worship in our world (prayer to, maybe, but not worship of). Nor does the Iluvatar and Morgoth (or Melkor) pair (or any other) conform to Yin and Yang dualism (think "the Force" from Star Wars), for in Tolkien the two are clearly unequal (Morgoth being eventually thrust into the void by his fellow, but good gods). Nor is there any indication that any sentient creature (valar, elf, man, dwarf, hobbit, ent, etc.) aspires to or achieves ontological union with Iluvatar (mokṣa or nirvana).

Islam (at least in majority Sunni and Shiite forms) and Tibetan Buddhism are akin to Christianity in their incorporation of what may be termed demonic spirits (Satan, jinn, demons, etc.)--though of course Islam is adamantly anti-polytheistic. Furthermore hell, aside from Morgoth's fate in the void, in Tolkien's implied fate of Sauron and Saruman seems more like annihilation-ism than a hell of fire. As a Roman Catholic and European scholar, Tolkien would probably not have thought of evil beings like Morgoth and Sauron in terms outside his religion and cultural/mythological interests (e.g., Norse and Icelandic), but one may ask on what basis such evil beings are unambiguously Christian concepts.

If Tolkien's purposes were to avoid uniquely Christian allegory and to have his fantasies controlled by a mythology of somewhat diverse European influences taking on a life of its own, uncovering the unambiguously and uniquely Christian influences in many cases seems fruitless. Or put another way, if parallels to and influences from the Christian religion may be found, can arguments be found to suggest other equally plausible parallels and influences to the same? On the other hand, Tolkien's fantasies also avoid certain fundamental and practical implications of major non-Christian religions.
 
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