I guess I'd have to see an exegesis from this perspective. Malina seems to be associated with work recognizing patronage. However I have a set of his commentaries, and his commentary on Rom 4 understands grace in the usual way. (Also Rom 6:23).
I think it's a mistake to assume that Paul always has in mind a secular context, particularly when there's a history in Jewish usage. Louw and Nida point to examples of usage of the type you're talking about, but also uses implying an unmerited gift. (I will say, however, that one of their examples of the latter, 1 Cor 16:3, actually seems to me to have elements of reciprocity.)
Theo Geek: The Patron-Client system and Hebrews 11:1
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Some books for those wanting to know more:
Palestine in the Time of Jesus, Hanson & Oakman, 1998
The Greco-Roman World of the New Testament Era, James S. Jeffers, 1999
Honor, Patronage, Kinship & Purity, David A. Desilva, 2000
The New Testament World, Bruce Malina, 3rd Ed 2001
The social setting of Jesus and the Gospels, Stegemann, Malina & Theissen, 2002
On 1 Cor 3:12, Malina notes that there are two ways you can get in trouble. One is by messing with the foundation of the building, which is the Gospel, and by extension might be doctrine (though I'm not convinced that Paul actually dealt with doctrine in the sense that it later took on). The other is by building the wrong thing on it. But it's the latter that is involved in this passage. So you're right that there is in fact a distinction between doctrine and work, but 1 Cor 3:12 is actually talking about problems with the work.
Paul is actually a bit ambiguous about the foundation. He says it's Christ. But he also said he built it, so it seems that he is thinking not just of Christ personally, but the Gospel about him.
You can see how Christ sweeps away the wrong doctrine of the Pharisees here:
Matthew 3
11I baptize you with water for repentance, but after me will come One more powerful than I, whose sandals I am not worthy to carry. He will baptize you with the Holy Spirit and with fire. 12His winnowing fork is in His hand to clear Histhreshing floor and to gather His wheat into thebarn; but He will burn up the chaff with unquenchable fire.”
I don't see how you can miss the element of change of motivation in Rom 6. 6:6 is the center of the passage. We had been slaves to sin. We're now freed for obedience.
This reminds me of the situations when people walk into the middle of a discussion and find themselves all at sea about what is being talked about. That would explain why certain terms are used and cause confusion, because the same words can be used, and often are, to mean different things, depending on the context, who is being addressed, on what occasion and even how the term is placed in a passage. Being
in Christ means being at Rest. Baptism
into Christ means being inducted into a demonstration of turning away from selfishess and being sustained by God. So if the believers were in Christ they would have been practicising selflessness already, and bearing fruit.
International Standard Version
2 Corinthians 5
21God made the one who did not know sin to be sin (N. T. Wright: offering?) for us, so that God's righteousness (N. T. Wright on dikaiosune theou: His covenantal faithfulness in fulflling of His promise to Abraham? ) would be produced in us.
It helps to untangle things if we have a pre-understanding of the teaching, if there is a saving formula, and how the recipients of the letters have deviated.
To Be Saved
- A person must be attentive to God’s promptings wherever he is (Acts of the Apostles 17:27)
- God hears his cry to be saved from the oppression of selfishness (Hebrews 11:16)
- God calls him out of Egypt (Hosea 11:1)
- God demonstrates His ability to provide the alternative (Exodus 16:23)
- The person learns and gets a different spirit (Numbers 14:24)
- The person acts and becomes a new person (Deuteronomy 1:37)
- The person succeeds in being rescued. (Deuteronomy 1:38, Hebrews 4:10, Colossians 2:17)
Changing the type of motivation means changing the type of prize which is being worked for. In this case it means the believer must change from working to fill appetites, to working to save others from working to fill appetites.
Romans 6
6For we know that our old self was crucified with him so that the body ruled by sin might be done away with,
a that we should no longer be slaves to sin.
Romans 6:6 says that the believer has already changed his motivation, prize, goal when he crucified his body with Christ, at baptism. He agreed that working for earthly treasure was futile, harmful, subject to harsh judgment because of the prompting of God given conscience. The Gospel had given the information about God’s gift through Christ, of living the way the conscience prompted, in the greatest manifestation of love, sacrificing one’s own life to save others. This involved denying the appetites. Somehow, the church had missed learning this, requiring Paul’s letter.
From this, we can conclude that the church was not:
in Christ, turned away from selfishness to selflessness, but needing to change its motivation.
Rather the church had been:
inducted into the demonstration of how to be selfless, becoming instruments for God by turning away from selfishness and being sustained, in order to motivate others to turn away from selfishness, but still needed to learn and obey.