Also, folks were Spirit baptized even without water baptism. We see this with Cornelius and his house (See: Acts of the Apostles 10:44-45), and we see this with the Ephesian believers in Acts of the Apostles 19:1-7. For the Ephesian believers had received John's baptism in water, and yet you would have thought that they would have received the Holy Spirit baptism automatically at some point after Christ was glorified. But they had to learn by the apostle Paul about the Holy Spirit, and they had to learn from the apostle Paul about being baptized into the Holy Spirit. This baptism of the Holy Spirit happened when he laid his hands upon them (Just as Peter and John laid their hands on the new converts in Samaria for them to receive the Holy Ghost).
Granted, I understand you believe the water baptism before was different before the cross because you believe that they did not baptize in the name of the Lord Jesus Christ. I can see it from your perspective that they are different even though they both are a baptism in water. But I believe Jesus was telling us to baptize others into the Spirit as a part of the great commission in Matthew 28:13 by our proclaiming the gospel. For Paul said he came not to baptize but to preach the gospel (1 Corinthians 1:17). I believe the Jewish apostles misunderstood God's instruction at the time on baptism, and they had to catch up with God's way of doing things. God let them do things imperfectly for a time, until the time of reformation with Paul giving us the real reality behind water baptism (Which is Spirit baptism).
For it is Spirit baptism that unites us to one body (1 Corinthians 12:13).
I believe we are saved by Spirit baptism because this is a uniting with the Holy Spirit who is the downpayment of our inheritance (See: Ephesians 1:13-14).
New Christians may not tap into everything that is available to them to help them experience the transformation:
I do not know of any Christian group, who believe the water itself saves you, since all believe it is God who saves and God is not limited by water.
Water baptism is not a “requirement” for salvation since God does the saving, but is something Christians get to do in order to help them and others.
I know that I needed everything God could provide to assure me of my conversion, both outwardly and mentally. God wants you to physically feel the experience of what is going on Spiritually.
You need to add to your conversion a definite time place and physical experience, which God has provided for you.
Adult believers water immersion is to be a physical outward representation of what had or is happening spiritually in the person being baptized. It is mainly to help the individual being baptized to better grasp what is going on, but it can “witness” to others observing the baptism. It has the elements of going down under the water (burying the old man), placing your dependence in another; the person baptizing you (surrendering your life to God), being washed (having your sins washed away), rising out of the water (rising from the old dead body), and stepping forth out onto the earth (a new person). The person is walking out into the hugs of his new family. It is also a sign of your humility, since it is a humbling act anyone can simple allow someone to do to them (so not a work) and since humility has been shown in the accept of charity (God’s free gift of undeserving forgiveness) it should just support and add to the memory of that acceptance. To refuse Christian water baptism when it is readily available might mean you are not ready to handle other responsibility like having the indwelling Holy Spirit and you are hurting yourself.
I would say there are lots more than just the two types of “baptism”:
John’s baptism
Christian baptism
Holy Spirit baptism
Baptism of fire
Baptism of the Jews going through the Red Sea.
Baptism of Noah and family and the earth in the flood.
Jewish cleansings
And maybe even more.
A baptism of the Holy Spirit seems to be a very unique event since Peter when he sees it happen to Cornelius and his house hold has to go back years to the
Acts 10: 45 The circumcised believers who had come with Peter were astonished that the gift of the Holy Spirit had been poured out even on Gentiles. 46 For they heard them speaking in tongues and praising God.
Acts 11: 15 “As I began to speak, the Holy Spirit came on them as he had come on us at the beginning. 16 Then I remembered what the Lord had said: ‘John baptized with water, but you will be baptized with the Holy Spirit.’ 17 So if God gave them the same gift he gave us who believed in the Lord Jesus Christ, who was I to think that I could stand in God’s way?”
Peter in his explanation to the Jerusalem Jews had to go back years to the beginning to get a similar “Holy Spirit” baptism, which would mean it was unique.
We know followers before Pentecost had a portion of the Spirit John 20:22 And with that he breathed on them and said, “Receive the Holy Spirit
But Christ said specifically: John 7:39 By this he meant the Spirit, whom those who believed in him were later to receive. Up to that time the Spirit had not been given, since Jesus had not yet been glorified.
After Pentecost there is the indwelling portion of the Holy Spirit.
Christian water baptism as seen in scripture seems to fit the “born again” scenario Christ was talking about since it: Is always adult (there are examples that “might include infants” but nothing definite, all the others are adult believers) water immersion to be a physical outward representation of what had or is happening spiritually in the person being baptized. It is mainly to help the individual being baptized to better grasp what is going on, but it can “witness” to others observing the baptism. It has the elements of going down under the water (burying the old man), placing your dependence in another; the person baptizing you (surrendering your life to God), being washed (having your sins washed away), rising out of the water (rising from the old dead body), and stepping forth out onto the earth (a new person). The person is walking out into the hugs of his new family. It is also a sign of your humility, since it is a humbling act anyone can simple allow someone to do it to them (so not a work) and since humility has been shown in the accept of charity (God’s free gift of undeserving forgiveness) it should just support and add to the memory of that acceptance. To refuse Christian water baptism when it is readily available might mean you are not ready to handle other responsibility like having the indwelling Holy Spirit and you are hurting yourself.
Though it's worth pointing out what may be obvious and that's that it's a very clear case that they had received John's baptism, not Christian baptism. Christian baptism, which the text describes as being "in the name of the Lord Jesus" was administered to them. It's not a re-baptism, but their first baptism, the first time they received that Baptism which until Pentecost had never been done. One who has been baptized into Christ is always baptized into Christ.
Holy Spirit Baptism: There appears to be different “portions/measures” of the Holy Spirit: Christ had a huge continuous portion and could do anything and give the miraculous portion of the Spirit to others, the apostles had a large portion, but it may have come and left them and they could lay hands on people giving them a miraculous portion of the Spirit, some first century Christians had a miraculous portion of the Holy Spirit for at least some time period. All Christians seem to have the indwelling portion of the Holy Spirit (this is the most important portion). It appears the earliest Christians did not fully comprehend the power and mission of the indwelling portion of the Holy Spirit and to begin with refer to the Holy Spirit only when outwardly visible as they were experiencing themselves. As the Church matures they came to a greater understanding of the gentile’s position, the second coming, the new covenant, and the indwelling portion of the Spirit.
For a better understanding of Holy Spirit baptism, look what Peter says in Acts 11: 15"As I began to speak, the Holy Spirit came on them as he had come on us at the beginning. 16Then I remembered what the Lord had said: 'John baptized with water, but you will be baptized with the Holy Spirit.' 17So if God gave them the same gift as he gave us, who believed in the Lord Jesus Christ, who was I to think that I could oppose God?"
And the description in Acts 10: 44While Peter was still speaking these words, the Holy Spirit came on all who heard the message. 45The circumcised believers who had come with Peter were astonished that the gift of the Holy Spirit had been poured out even on the Gentiles. 46For they heard them speaking in tongues and praising God.
This type baptism, was not the normal since Peter had to remember way back to get a similar occurrence. This type of Baptism Peter describes as Holy Spirit Baptism and fitting John’s prophecy. If this had been the norm than there would be no reason to think back or reference it for those in Jerusalem. They were also water baptized by Peter so both happened to them at this time and it was not either/or.
John’s baptism and teaching did not include the indwelling Holy Spirit, since that was not available to the masses until Pentecost and Acts 2:38. The miraculous gifts of the Holy Spirit could come with Holy Spirit baptism that occurred Acts 2, 4 and 10, or with the laying on of the apostles’ hands or it can come whenever the Spirit needs it to come (I do not have a problem with this). Also look at Acts 8. Philip has outward miraculous power from the Holy Spirit and is preaching truth or the Spirit would not be with him. The Bible says the people believe and were baptized (water) so I believe what the Bible says. Acts 8: 16because the Holy Spirit had not yet come upon any of them; they had simply been baptized into the name of the Lord Jesus. 17Then Peter and John placed their hands on them, and they received the Holy Spirit. The apostles are needed to provide outward miraculous powers of the Holy Spirit by the laying on of their hands unless the Holy Spirit comes down directly like in Acts 2, 4 or 10. The Christian at this time and Luke does not edit or comment on their thinking, express the Holy Spirit coming just one way and that is with outward miraculous signs. The Holy Spirit is also coming to all saved Christians in the form of the indwelling Holy Spirit that is not seen by others readily through miracles. This “laying on of hands” to receive the outward miraculous portion of the Holy Spirit is never revered to as “baptism” the only “baptism” of the Holy Spirit is found in Acts, 2, 4 and 10. When Peter talks about Cornelius to the Jews in Jerusalem in Acts 11 being “baptized” with the Holy Spirit, he has to reach back to the begin of the Church in Acts 2 and possible Acts 4 to give a similar example of Holy Spirit baptism, suggesting it was not the norm. If “baptism” of the Holy Spirit was happening all the time and every time then there would be no need for Peter to remember back to the beginning.
Conjunctions in the Greek: Between Acts 19 verse 5 and 6 there is a conjunction (and) which means these are two separate acts and not the same act being expressed two separate ways. In verse 5 they are baptized (this would mean Christian water baptism) and in verse 6 Paul is laying hands on them so they can receive a miraculous portion of the Holy Spirit.