The Sabbath is not an eternal law for all people.
"Therefore let no one pass judgment on you in questions of food and drink, or with regard to a festival or a new moon or a Sabbath. These are a shadow of the things to come, but the substance belongs to Christ. " - Colossians 2:16-17
That means we're free to not observe those days (and years - in the OT, there were Sabbath years which were just as important as Sabbath days).
If we look at Colossians 2:16 by itself, then it is ambiguous in regard to two possible situations:
1.) The Colossians were not keeping God's feasts, they were being judged by Jews because they were not keeping them, and Paul was encouraging not to let any man judge them for not keeping them.
2.) The Colossians were keeping God's feasts, they were being judged by pagans because they were keeping them, and Paul was encouraging them not to let anyone judge them for keeping them.
If we look at the context of what Paul described of the views of the people who were judging them, then it becomes clear that the 2nd situation is the case in that they were being judged by pagans, such as saying in Colossians 2:20-23 that they were promoting human precepts and traditions, self-made religion, asceticism, and severity of the body. We must obey God rather than man, so we should be careful not to mistake what was only said against obeying the teaching of men as being against obeying the commands of God, especially when the point that Paul was making was that we should let anyone prevent us from obeying the commands of God.
Additionally, you'll find many admonishments in the Letters of the New Testament to love one another, practice humility, honor parents, avoid greed, avoid dishonesty, avoid sexual immorality (including orgies!), and there's even one to avoid brawls. Yet in none of these sets of admonishments is there one to keep Sabbath.
Jesus and his disciples were all Jews who had never known a time in their life when the Sabbath was not the focus on their week, so I don't see a good reason why we should expect Jesus to admonish them not to break the Sabbath. Neither Jesus nor his disciples were in disagreement with the Father about which laws we should follow, nor did they say anything about editing God's laws down to just what they repeated, and it would be absurd to hold the position that it is ok to violate everything commanded in the OT that wasn't specifically repeated in the NT. Jesus set a sinless example of how to walk in obedience to God's law, including keeping the Sabbath holy, so he would have still taught full obedience to it by example even if he had repeated nothing, and as his followers we are told to follow his example (1 Peter 2:21-22) and that those who are in Christ are obligated to walk in the same way he walked. Furthermore, Jesus did teach how to keep the Sabbath holy through his interactions with the Pharisees on the matter. In John 14:24, Jesus said that his teachings were not his own, but that of the Father, so he did not teach his own set of commands.
