That's how Paul put that the slave traders are criminals but he didn't mention the owners.
Paul had to tread a line. Remember that it was his mission to preach the gospel and give guidance to Christian believers. It was not his mission to fix the Roman Empire. Unbelievers did not fall under Paul's authority, as he said in 1 Corinthians 5. Thus, we need to see how Paul taught Christians to live and determine how slavery would fit into all he said.
If you read 1 Peter, you see that the Body of Christ operates as a "diplomatic mission" to the nations of the world, representing the Kingdom of Heaven. Peter also tells us that unbelievers do not fall under our authority, as he warns us not to meddle in their affairs.
The "slavery" permitted within the culture of believers, both OT and NT, was debt bondage, not chattel slavery. God did not create Jews to be chattel to other Jews, but He did permit Jews to become indebted to other Jews. Debt bondage is the same thing any of us might enter as an "unsecured loan." Like debt bondage in ancient times, that unsecured loan debt can be bought and sold by its owners (notice how when banks fail, your money disappears but your debts don't).
However, debt bondage in the Mosaic Law had distinct and severe limits to prevent a "slave class" from ever occurring among Jews. As well, even while in debt bondage, the debtor could not be treated as chattel, but still was recognized as a Jew, one of God's chosen people.
This continued in the New Testament. It was not the mission of the Body of Christ to "fix" the Roman Empire. The Body of Christ is a diplomatic mission to the nations of this world, and as any diplomatic mission, it must obey the laws of the host nation outside its gates. However,
within the gates of the diplomatic mission, the laws of the home nation prevail.
That is how it is with the Body of Christ. Outside the context of the Body of Christ and its members, the host nation laws prevail. Within the context of the Body of Christ and its members, the laws of the Kingdom of Heaven prevail (this is referenced in practical detail in 1 Corinthians 5).
Before we get to the letter to Philemon, there are some other points to note. Slavery in the Roman empire occurred in two ways:
1. As a person kidnapped or taken as a war prisoner into slavery, becoming a chattel slave.
2. A freeborn man entering debt bondage or becoming a slave as a penalty for theft.
Were you a slave when you were called? Don't let it trouble you; although if you can gain your freedom, do so. For the one who was a slave when called to faith in the Lord is the Lord's freedman; similarly, the one who was free when called is Christ's slave. You were bought at a price; do not become slaves of human beings. --
1 Corinthians 7
Paul speaks of slavery as though it were an option. That was possible for debt bondage. It was not possible for chattel slavery. Paul could say, "Don't go into debt." Paul could not say, "Don't be kidnapped."
We also know that the law is made not for the righteous but for lawbreakers and rebels, the ungodly and sinful, the unholy and irreligious, for those who kill their fathers or mothers, for murderers, for the sexually immoral, for those practicing homosexuality, for slave traders and liars and perjurers, and for whatever else is contrary to the sound doctrine --
1 Timothy 1
Thus, the slave trade of kidnapping is made illegal within the Body of Christ, but going into debt is permitted. And let's not pretend that there is any innocence in purchasing that which is known to be illegal to sell.
And masters, treat your slaves in the same way. Do not threaten them, since you know that he who is both their Master and yours is in heaven, and there is no favoritism with him. --
Ephesians 6
To a Christian who had slaves this verse is a jaw dropper. This verse absolutely changes the entire secular master-slave relationship for believers.
This verse changes everything.
If the slave owner considered the slave his personal property, this verse creates a different relationship. Both persons are actually the slaves of the Lord. That makes the "slave" no longer the property of the "master," but his
responsibility under the one who is the Master of both of them--for the Master sees no difference between them--they are both His property, both bought for a price. At this point, Luke 12:42-46 comes into play, and terrible woe be unto the servant-steward who failed to have treated his fellow servants well.
Now, to Paul's letter to Philemon. The first question to ask: What is the purpose of this letter? Latter apologists for slavery and those who wish to accuse Christianity of condoning slavery both claim the letter is nothing more than a plea from Paul for Philemon merely to
be nice to Onesimus.
One would have to explain, though, why a mere "be nice" letter would have been cherished, preserved, copied, and shared among the early Christians and eventually considered of such significant doctrinal importance to have been included as part of the Canon.
The tone and deep emotion of the letter also belies the claim that its purpose is so shallow. If the point were merely "be nice," it's more likely Paul would have included it as a closing point to the congregational letter Paul wrote to the Colossians (because that's where Philemon was), such as he did to Euodia and Syntyche at the end of the letter to the Philippians.
No, this letter clearly has a singular and very important message personally to Philemon and doctrinally for the Body of Christ. It's purpose was to secure the
freedom of Onesimus, and as preserved by the early Christians for doctrine, it was recognized as directive onto the entire early church.
Indeed, history indicates that slavery among Christians had died out
until Christianity became the national religion of the Empire...which depended economically on slavery. At that point, the empire used the Church to validate all of its actions.
On to Philemon:
Therefore, although in Christ I could be bold and order you to do what you ought to do, yet I prefer to appeal to you on the basis of love.
Translation: I have a big stick, but I'm going to speak softly.
It is as none other than Paul, an old man and now also a prisoner of Christ Jesus
Translation: You know me--I am your elder and I suffer even now for the Body in which you are a member.
that I appeal to you for my son Onesimus, who became my son while I was in chains....I am sending him, who is my very heart, back to you.
Translation: I consider Onesimus my own son--which is about the most important familial relationship possible in this society. Men value their sons more than they value their wives. Just want you to know how serious this is to me.
I would have liked to keep him with me so that he could take your place in helping me while I am in chains for the gospel. But I did not want to do anything without your consent, so that any favor you do would not seem forced but would be voluntary.
Translation: But there is a legal matter I need you to attend to.
Perhaps the reason he was separated from you for a little while was that you might have him back forever, no longer as a slave, but better than a slave, as a dear brother. He is very dear to me but even dearer to you, both as a fellow man and as a brother in the Lord.
Translation: What part of "
no longer as a slave" is hard to understand? "No longer as a slave" does not mean "be nice to him as a slave." "No longer as a slave" actually means "
no longer as a slave."
If he has done you any wrong or owes you anything, charge it to me.
Translation: He was a slave because of a debt he owed you (which is the only bondage we allow among Christians)--so put that debt on my tab. That makes him completly free.
I, Paul, am writing this with my own hand. I will pay it back, not to mention that you owe me your very self.
Translation: Oh, and by the way, I won't mention that you owe me a whole lot more. Well, maybe I did mention it...so that cancels whatever Onesimus owed you...and you're still in debt to
me.
Confident of your obedience, I write to you, knowing that you will do even more than I ask.
Translation
: Capish? Good. I expect you to do it.
And one thing more: Prepare a guest room for me, because I hope to be restored to you in answer to your prayers.
Translation: I'm going to drop by soon to make sure you did what I--
ahem--"asked" you to do. Notice that I didn't even say, "Please."