Here is an extract from a post of mine in this thread:
For me, the identification of Edom with various European nations has always been interesting, as well as problematic. On the one hand, many sources, from Josephus to Josippon and Jerahmeel, give detailed lists, identifying existing nations with their Biblical forefathers. [1]
Italians, or more specifically the Romans near the Tiber, are identified as Kittim in Midrash Sefer Ha-Yashar. The same book identifies Tubal with the Sabines of Tuscany.
Tradition identifies Germany as Ashkenaz. Hence the term for German Jewry is "Ashkenazi Jews". (By later development, north and east European Jews, including Russian Jews, are called Ashkenazim.)
In practice it seems "Edom" is used like "Babylon" is often used, as a term for an "evil nation" in a generic sense.
Nevertheless, Edom is in some sense or other correlated to specifically - out of all the nations in the world - Italy and Germany, in various traditional literature. Rabbis mention it surprisingly frequently in lectures. [2]
It becomes logical to ask:
If Germany is Edom, why are German Jews called "Ashkenazi Jews" rather than "Edomi Jews" ?
And furthermore:
Why doesn't Josephus, Josippon or related literature identify Germany and/or Rome with Edom, when the Talmud, and so many Rabbis, make this connection ?
Let's look at the 'blessing' of Esau for a moment, to see if it helps clarify the issue:
Your dwelling will be
away from the earths richness,
away from the dew of heaven above.
You will live by the sword
and you will serve your brother.
But when you grow restless,
you will throw his yoke
from off your neck.
(Br. 29:39-40)
Does this sound like a desription of Italy ?
Or Germany ?
Historical Edom/Esau was situated in parts of what is now Jordan, as I understand. The prediction above certainly seems more appropriate to that, than to Italy or Germany. I must admit I am flummoxed by the correlation of either of these two nations to Edom.
It seems to me Jordan actually encompasses three of the Biblical nations: Edom, Moab and Ammon all seem to have had their territory within what is now called the state of Jordan.
[1] I haven't read all of Josippon or Jerahmeel, but I have read the parts specifically dealing with genealogy and the "table of nations", and as I recall there was made no connection of Germany or Italy to Esau.
[2] One went as far as saying "all of Europe is Esav", which is a problematic statement even if meant as hyperbole. The same Rabbi nevertheless identified, at different times, both the Romans and the Germans as being from Esau, so again, Italy and Germany are the main targets.