people are bias and take the information they can use to support their bias. The version I conjure up is very plausibly a version of how many others view the bible and where not every detail is agreeable I get the broad strokes and major ones being the genocidal nature of the Hebrews so stuff like if Moses fasted or he didn't write Genesis (but we don't know who wrote it) are just parts of the narrative that has a goal of making these ancient Hebrews look like barbarians but the genocide part can't be dismissed so easily. I get people enjoy superimposing their abstract western worldview over a time when it made no sense at all and then use that to wag their finger because it doesn't fit.That's Jesus. Mose had his mystic experience after 40 years of living in the desert, and he showed the power of God openly to the people and the Egyptians, before happened what you wrote. And it is not told that he fasted on Sinai.
Since Genesis contains here and there bits of information later than Mose(no, I don't refer to prophecy, but rather to Gen 36:31 and possible other bits), it is unlikely that genesis was compiled by Mose. The question how much of the Pentateuch was written by Mose himself is complex, unless you take "(book of) Mose" as indication of authorship instead common name of these book(s), there is no indication in the Bibnle that it was completely written by Mose himself.
The only incident in the Bible where the "ark of covenant" was used in that way, Israel lost the battle.
Not the whole Bible, but only the Torah (aka Pentateuch). And with some distortions, as explained above. But your limitation to the first 5 books of the Bible explains why you don't about know the defeat of Israel when they took the ark as refuge against the Philistians, and lost the battle.
An outsider with a fair view on the Bible would tell a somewhat different story.
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