In many ancient civilizations, individuals with widely varying physical appearances became full members of a
society by growing up within that society or by adopting that society's
cultural norms. (Snowden 1983; Lewis 1990)[
pages needed]
Classical civilizations from
Rome to
China tended to invest the most importance in
familial or tribal affiliation rather than an individual's physical appearance (Dikötter 1992; Goldenberg 2003). Societies still tended to equate physical characteristics, such as hair and eye colour, with psychological and moral qualities, usually assigning the highest qualities to their own people and lower qualities to the "Other", either lower classes or outsiders to their society. For example, a historian of the 3rd century
Han Dynasty in the territory of present-day China describes
barbarians of blond hair and green eyes as resembling "the monkeys from which they are descended".
[5] (Gossett, pp. 4)
Dominant in ancient Greek and Roman conceptions of human diversity was the thesis that physical differences between different populations could be attributed to environmental factors. Though ancient peoples likely had no knowledge of evolutionary theory or genetic variability, their concepts of race could be described as malleable. Chief among environmental causes for physical difference in the ancient period were climate and geography. Though thinkers in ancient civilizations recognized differences in physical characteristics between different populations, the general consensus was that all non-Greeks were barbarians. This barbarian status, however, was not thought to be fixed; rather, one could shed the 'barbarian' status simply by adopting Greek culture.
[6] (Graves 2001)[
page needed]
Historical concept of race