The church. Jeremiah 31:8-10 and Jeremiah 31:31-34 are applied to the church…if you read it literally in Hebrews 8:8-10 and Hebrews 10:16-17. (see also Matthew 26:28 and1 Corinthians 2:14)
Lets see if than pans out. I'll start it at verse 7.
Jer. 31:8-10 (NKJV)
7 For thus says the LORD:
“ Sing with gladness for Jacob,
And shout among the chief of the nations;
Proclaim, give praise, and say,
‘
O LORD, save Your people,
The remnant of Israel!’
8 Behold, I will bring them from the north country,
And gather them from the ends of the earth,
Among them the blind and the lame,
The woman with child
And the one who labors with child, together;
A great throng shall return there.
9 They shall come with weeping,
And with supplications I will lead them.
I will cause them to walk by the rivers of waters,
In a straight way in which they shall not stumble;
For I am a Father to Israel,
And Ephraim
is My firstborn.
10 “ Hear the word of the LORD, O nations,
And declare
it in the isles afar off, and say,
‘ He who scattered Israel will gather him,
And keep him as a shepherd
does his flock.’
This can not be applied to the church since the promise is to Israel. In order to apply it to the church one must allegorize and claim a promise not given to a party. It is clear that this is given to the "remnant of Israel" as clearly and literally stated in verse 7. Is the "remnant of Israel" the church?
Jer. 31:31-34 (NKJV)
31 “Behold, the days are coming, says the LORD, when
I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel and with the house of Judah— 32 not according to the covenant that I made with their fathers in the day
that I took them by the hand to lead them out of the land of Egypt, My covenant which they broke, though I was a husband to them,[
a] says the LORD. 33 But this
is the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel after those days, says the LORD: I will put My law in their minds, and write it on their hearts; and I will be their God, and they shall be My people. 34 No more shall every man teach his neighbor, and every man his brother, saying, ‘Know the LORD,’ for they all shall know Me, from the least of them to the greatest of them, says the LORD. For I will forgive their iniquity, and their sin I will remember no more.”
The church is NOT the house of Judah and consequently, can not claim this promise. Paul explains plainly and literally HOW the church can be a part of this promise in Rom. 11 and that it by grafting in not by replacing.
Heb. 8 (NKJV)
7 For if that first
covenant had been faultless, then no place would have been sought for a second. 8 Because finding fault with them, He says:
“Behold, the days are coming, says the LORD, when I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel and with the house of Judah— 9
not according to the covenant that I made with their fathers in the day when I took them by the hand to lead them out of the land of Egypt; because they did not continue in My covenant, and I disregarded them, says the LORD. 10
For this is the covenant that I will make with the house of Israel after those days, says the LORD: I will put My laws in their mind and write them on their hearts; and I will be their God, and they shall be My people. 11
None of them shall teach his neighbor, and none his brother, saying, ‘Know the LORD,’ for all shall know Me, from the least of them to the greatest of them. 12
For I will be merciful to their unrighteousness, and their sins and their lawless deeds I will remember no more.”
13
In that He says, “A new covenant, ” He has made the first obsolete. Now what is becoming obsolete and growing old is ready to vanish away.
This talks about the new covenant (quoting Jeremiah 31). My answer is the same. The church can partake in this promise by virtue of being grafted into the covenant.
Heb. 10 (NKJV)
16
“This is the covenant that I will make with them after those days, says the LORD: I will put My laws into their hearts, and in their minds I will write them,” 17
then He adds, “Their sins and their lawless deeds I will remember no more.” 18 Now where there is remission of these,
there is no longer an offering for sin.
Again, this is only applied to the church through the grafting into the covenant.
From Genesis 12 through Revelation we trace the story of Abraham’s seed in the world with the fulfillment of the promises made to Abraham in the Gospel itself, for Christ came “To perform the mercy promised to our fathers, and to remember his holy covenant; The oath which he swear to our father Abraham,” (Luke 1:72,73)
Yes we do. We see the literal fulfillment of Isaiah 56 in the salvation of the gentiles. There are also unfulfilled promises to Israel that will be also literally fulfilled in the end of times.
In Galatians 3:7 we find that all who have faith are Abraham’s children and that we are blessed with him (v.9) because of our faith. Christ died so this blessing might come to the gentiles (v.14). We read that Abraham was justified by his faith in the promise of the Gospel (Galatians 3:6-9, 18) and Christians today are justified by faith in the same Gospel. We are Abraham’s true seed when we are “baptized into Christ” and have “put on Christ” (v.27, see also Romans 6:3) becoming “one with Christ Jesus.” (v.28)“And if ye be Christ's, then are ye Abraham's seed, and heirs according to the promise.” (Gal. 3:29)
All, both in the OT and now in the NT, have been saved by the grace of God through faith. There is no soteriological difference between the OT and NT. Israel is Abraham's true seed with the gentiles being grafted into the promise through faith in the Son.
The whole of the Old Covenant “decayeth and waxeth old is ready to vanish away” (Heb. 8:13) and has with the destruction of the Temple in 70a.d. The New Covenant made in Christ’s blood replaced the Old Covenant(s) and all the physical trappings attached to it are now gone, I don’t believe they are quietly placed aside until some future date but gone completely. The promises we have in Christ are far better. The New Covenant is made with the true spiritual Jew and it's not a matter of replacing Israel with the church but a fulfillment of Old Testament promises,
You have an incorrect understanding of the result of Jesus fulfillment of the law. The law is not gone. Not one jot will pass away UNTIL all is fulfilled (paraphrase of Matt. 5:18). Not all is fulfilled. The Christian (believer) is under grace not the law. That means that we no longer need a tutor to point us to Christ. The unbeliever, on the other hand, is still under the law. They need a tutor. There is no "spiritual" Jew. In the NC there is no Jew nor Greek (gentile). All are in Christ.
The unfulfilled prophesies regarding Israel will be fulfilled at the end of times which includes the tribulation and once the "fullness of the gentiles" is completed. God keeps His promises. No prophesy will remain unfulfilled.
"For he is not a Jew, which is one outwardly; neither is that circumcision, which is outward in the flesh: But he is a Jew, which is one inwardly; and circumcision is that of the heart, in the spirit, and not in the letter; whose praise is not of men, but of God." Romans 2:28-29.
This passage does not help your case. The teaching here regards the outward appearance of those in Christ. Context is important. See the first verse:
1 Therefore you are inexcusable, O man, whoever you are who judge, for in whatever you judge another you condemn yourself; for you who judge practice the same things.
ETA: Why is the city of God depicted in Rev. 21 called the New Jerusalem?