The theory that chromosome #2 on humans is due to a fusion of chimp chromosomes #2A and #2A, leaving endpoint telomere sequences in the middle of the chromosome, thus accounting for the 46 human vs 48 chimp chromosome difference has been proven to be in error.
1) New studies of the entire human genome now show that up to 0.25 percent of the internal region (middle) of all chromosomes contain intact telomere sequences and tandem repeats. Therefore, there is nothing unique about finding telomere sequences in the middle of chromosome #2.
2) The genetic codes contained near the ends of the chimp chromosomes which supposedly fused together DO NOT MATCH the codes on human chromosome #2 at the supposed fusion site as previously thought.
3) There are NO DOCUMENTED EXAMPLES of head-to-head telomere fusions among mammals - anywhere. This is because the protective protein endcaps of telomeres resist telomere-to-telomere fusion, thus making such a theory impossible.
4) ALL CASES of fusions among mammals have involved satellite DNA, none of which is found at the supposed fusion site.
5) There are vast amounts of chimp DNA - not just mismatching DNA, but MISSING DNA, from the supposed fusion site on human chromosome #2.
6) The supposed fusion site on human Chromosome #2 encodes an active transcription factor binding site and is located INSIDE a FUNCTIONAL RNA helicase gene. The location of the supposed fusion sequence INSIDE a functional and highly expressed gene associated with a wide variety of cellular processes refutes the theory that it is the by-product of a hypothetical head-to-head telomeric fusion.
ICR:
Surprisingly, the entire human genome contains many completely intact internal telomere sequences. Preliminary data suggest that the internal regions of human chromosomes are composed of 0.19 to 0.25 percent intact telomere sequences. While this may seem to be a very small amount, consider that chromosome 2 (the supposed fusion product) contains over 91,000 (0.23 percent) intact internal telomere sequences. Fewer than 300 of these can be attributed to the so-called fusion site. Chromosome Y was the most internally dense telomere-containing chromosome (0.25 percent).
The scanning software also detected tandem repeats of telomeres.
AIG:
A major argument supposedly supporting human evolution from a common ancestor with chimpanzees is the “chromosome 2 fusion model” in which ape chromosomes 2A and 2B purportedly fused end-to-end, forming human chromosome 2. This idea is postulated despite the fact that all known fusions in extant mammals involve satellite DNA and breaks at or near centromeres. In addition, researchers have noted that the hypothetical telomeric end-to-end signature of the fusion is very small (~800 bases) and highly degenerate (ambiguous) given the supposed 3 to 6 million years of divergence from a common ancestor. In this report, it is also shown that the purported fusion site (read in the minus strand orientation) is a functional DNA binding domain inside the first intron of the DDX11L2 regulatory RNA helicase gene, which encodes several transcript variants expressed in at least 255 different cell and/or tissue types. Specifically, the purported fusion site encodes the second active transcription factor binding domain in the DDX11L2 gene that coincides with transcriptionally active histone marks and open active chromatin. Annotated DDX11L2 gene transcripts suggest complex post-transcriptional regulation through a variety of microRNA binding sites. Chromosome fusions would not be expected to form complex multi-exon, alternatively spliced functional genes. This clear genetic evidence, combined with the fact that a previously documented 614 Kb genomic region surrounding the purported fusion site lacks synteny (gene correspondence) with chimpanzee on chromosomes 2A and 2B (supposed fusion sites of origin), thoroughly refutes the claim that human chromosome 2 is the result of an ancestral telomeric end-to-end fusion.
2 Thessalonians 2
They perish because they REFUSED to love the truth and so be saved. For this reason God sends them a powerful DELUSION so that they will believe the lie...
1) New studies of the entire human genome now show that up to 0.25 percent of the internal region (middle) of all chromosomes contain intact telomere sequences and tandem repeats. Therefore, there is nothing unique about finding telomere sequences in the middle of chromosome #2.
2) The genetic codes contained near the ends of the chimp chromosomes which supposedly fused together DO NOT MATCH the codes on human chromosome #2 at the supposed fusion site as previously thought.
3) There are NO DOCUMENTED EXAMPLES of head-to-head telomere fusions among mammals - anywhere. This is because the protective protein endcaps of telomeres resist telomere-to-telomere fusion, thus making such a theory impossible.
4) ALL CASES of fusions among mammals have involved satellite DNA, none of which is found at the supposed fusion site.
5) There are vast amounts of chimp DNA - not just mismatching DNA, but MISSING DNA, from the supposed fusion site on human chromosome #2.
6) The supposed fusion site on human Chromosome #2 encodes an active transcription factor binding site and is located INSIDE a FUNCTIONAL RNA helicase gene. The location of the supposed fusion sequence INSIDE a functional and highly expressed gene associated with a wide variety of cellular processes refutes the theory that it is the by-product of a hypothetical head-to-head telomeric fusion.
ICR:
Surprisingly, the entire human genome contains many completely intact internal telomere sequences. Preliminary data suggest that the internal regions of human chromosomes are composed of 0.19 to 0.25 percent intact telomere sequences. While this may seem to be a very small amount, consider that chromosome 2 (the supposed fusion product) contains over 91,000 (0.23 percent) intact internal telomere sequences. Fewer than 300 of these can be attributed to the so-called fusion site. Chromosome Y was the most internally dense telomere-containing chromosome (0.25 percent).
The scanning software also detected tandem repeats of telomeres.
AIG:
A major argument supposedly supporting human evolution from a common ancestor with chimpanzees is the “chromosome 2 fusion model” in which ape chromosomes 2A and 2B purportedly fused end-to-end, forming human chromosome 2. This idea is postulated despite the fact that all known fusions in extant mammals involve satellite DNA and breaks at or near centromeres. In addition, researchers have noted that the hypothetical telomeric end-to-end signature of the fusion is very small (~800 bases) and highly degenerate (ambiguous) given the supposed 3 to 6 million years of divergence from a common ancestor. In this report, it is also shown that the purported fusion site (read in the minus strand orientation) is a functional DNA binding domain inside the first intron of the DDX11L2 regulatory RNA helicase gene, which encodes several transcript variants expressed in at least 255 different cell and/or tissue types. Specifically, the purported fusion site encodes the second active transcription factor binding domain in the DDX11L2 gene that coincides with transcriptionally active histone marks and open active chromatin. Annotated DDX11L2 gene transcripts suggest complex post-transcriptional regulation through a variety of microRNA binding sites. Chromosome fusions would not be expected to form complex multi-exon, alternatively spliced functional genes. This clear genetic evidence, combined with the fact that a previously documented 614 Kb genomic region surrounding the purported fusion site lacks synteny (gene correspondence) with chimpanzee on chromosomes 2A and 2B (supposed fusion sites of origin), thoroughly refutes the claim that human chromosome 2 is the result of an ancestral telomeric end-to-end fusion.
2 Thessalonians 2
They perish because they REFUSED to love the truth and so be saved. For this reason God sends them a powerful DELUSION so that they will believe the lie...
