Other scholars, the best in the field, agree in almost the same words. In his work Early Christian Doctrines, J. N. D. Kelly writes of the second-century Apostolic Fathers, "Of a doctrine of the Trinity in the strict sense there is of course no sign, although the Church's triadic formula left its mark everywhere." 14 Elsewhere in this same work, Kelly states, "The Church had to wait for more than three hundred years for a final synthesis, for not until the Council of Constantinople (381) was the formula of one God existing in three coequal Persons formally ratified." 15
Many of the Apologists were subordinationist in their doctrine of the Son and of the Holy Spirit. This means that they conceived of the Son and the Spirit not as coequal, coeternal and consubstantial, but as subordinate Gods, contingent Gods, or even as creatures of God whose divinity is dependent upon the Father. Even orthodox scholars admit this, though often gingerly and apologetically:
Where the doctrine [of the Trinity] was elaborated, as e.g. in the writings of the Apologists, the language remained on the whole indefinite, and, from a later standpoint, was even partly unorthodox. Sometimes it was not free from a certain subordinationism. 16
It [subordinationism] is a characteristic tendency in much Christian teaching of the first three centuries, and is a marked feature of such otherwise orthodox Fathers as St. Justin and Origen.17
Johannes Quasten says of Saint Justin Martyr--who saw Christ as "a second God, second numerically but not in will"--that "Justin tends to subordinationism as far as the relation between the Logos and the Father is concerned." 18 Until Origen the Apologists understood the Logos (Christ) to have become the Son only after his expression from the Father, contrary to the teaching of Nicaea, and they did not clearly distinguish between the Logos and the Holy Ghost. 19 In short, by strict Nicene standards, the earlier Christian Apologists were incorrect in their perception of God. Modern scholars and theologians are intensely defensive of these early writers, however, and insist that it is "grossly unfair" to judge the Apologists or question their orthodoxy on the basis of post-Nicene theology. 20 I agree; but I must also insist that if the Apostolic Fathers and the Greek Apologists can be hotly defended as genuine Christians, though they lack Nicene orthodoxy, then Nicene orthodoxy cannot at the same time be proposed as a necessary condition for genuine Christianity.
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14. J. N. D. Kelly, Early Christian Doctrines, rev. ed. (New York: Harper 1978), p. 95.
15. Kelly, Early Christian Doctrines, pp. 87-88. According to R. L. Richard, New Catholic Encyclopedia 14:299. "the formulation 'one God in three Persons' was not solidly established, certainly not fully assimilated into Christian life and its profession of faith, prior to the end of the 4th century .... Among the Apostolic Fathers, there had been nothing even remotely approaching such a mentality or perspective."
16. In F. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone, eds., The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 2d ed. (London: Oxford University Press, 1974), p. 1394. R. L. Richard refers to writings of Eusebius of Caesarea as "blatantly subordinationist" (New Catholic Encyclopedia 14:298).
17. In Cross and Livingstone. Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, p. 1319.
18. Justin Martyr, Apology, 1.22, 23, 32; 133; Dialogue, 56. Johannes Quasten, Patrology (Westminster, Md.: Christian Classics, 1986), 1:209.
19. See William G. Rusch, The Trinitarian Controversy (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1980), pp. 5-6.
20. See Rusch, Trinitarian Controversy, p. 6, or Bernard Lonergan, The Way to Nicaea: The Dialectical Development of Trinitarian Theology (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1976), pp. 40-42.
(The Doctrinal Exclusion)
Allow me to summarize the topic of the origin of the Trinity as explained in the afore-cited articles.
The doctrine of the Trinity does not exist explicitly in the content of the Bible. (For a treatment of this subject, see Massimo Franceschini, Trinity http://www.bibleman.net/Trinity.htm) The early Christians (those that lived under the guidance of the apostles) did not believe in such a doctrine, nor did such an one exist; at least there is no evidence that it did. In fact, the Church was facing severe persecution from those outsiders immersed in the Greek culture (polytheism was then viewed with disrespect, influenced by the writings of Plato, so this disrespect directed itself on the Christians for their profession of faith in more than one God); it is ironic that that very culture is what affected the doctrine of the nature of God for the whole of the Catholic Church. Even at conception by Greek intellectuals, the idea was not well understood and generally not accepted by Christians. The Council of Nicea ended the dispute with a vote to accept the new doctrine as a standard in 325 AD. It was then officiated in 381 at the Constantinople Council. From thence through time and history it has become sanctified as a basic Christian trademark or belief -- it is not Biblical and it is not correct, and was first brought out because of the three factors of Greek intellectualism, Biblical misunderstanding (there were then no apostles, for they had all been killed, or disciples of those apostles to lead the Church and explain scripture anymore), and the persecution which drove the former sides to a compromise.
The Trinity isn't my "specialty," but these things are fairly obvious. There is a LOT more to it that I haven't even brought up. I'd recommend reading over the articles I referenced; they do not enter into as much depth as could be handled on the subject; I don't think any work could. I'd be very interested to see a rebuttal for this, if anyone can give one. If this is settled, next I will focus on the idea of God having passions and a physical body.
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