Question from a protestant/evangelical missionary serving cross-culturally.

helmut

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I am an American evangelical missionary serving in the balkans. I am working with a national pastor in a small church.

I have encountered a bit of an issue in which I would value some input.
Basically, this is a problem related to different cultures. On your side, US culture (ore more broadly, "western" culture), on the other side, Albanian culture (maybe mixed with influence from former missionary's culture?).

In theory, you should accomodate to the target culture as close as possible (let you produce Christians which are more or less alienated from their own culture), but with kids things become more complex. I suppose you already heard about the problems related to culture differences, so I only mention in passing a book which tries to set the Gospel in quite different culture contexts: The 3D Gospel. Ministry in Shame, Guilt and Fear Cultures. (I read the German translation).

What the Pastor demands is quite naturally from his point of view (whether Albanian or taught by former missionaries), his family values. Your American family values (I guess the books where you sought advice from were written by Americans) are different. How you settle this matter will show how much respect you have for the Albanian culture, and how humble you are.

On the other hand, you already chose your kids to grow up without delving into Albanian culture. They did not attend Albanian schools, nor did you the them at home so they could have much contact to other Albanian kids. I don't judge, there were reasons for this: You did not feel the right to deny them a qualified school education, so they grew up in a predominantly English (supposedly US) environment (English school).

There is no easy solution, and definitely no one can offer one out of his arm-chair in the USA (or Germany, as far as I'm concerned). You should try to explain the problem to the pastor, admonish your kids to learn the language (perhaps a partnership with an Albanian youth, each one teaching his language to the other might help), and ask the Lord which option would produce least of harm.

There are more than two options available, e.g. Your sons could see the time in the Albanian church as a sort of ministry to the Lord (depends, of course, what ministry "position" the church can offer), or they can disappear (sent to the USA).

I think any solution will require some sacrifice, from You, the kids and/or the Albanian church.
 
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section9+1

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But this sentence does also apply when a family has to chose between Him and their own family happiness.
What it says is that if your family says to abandon your Christianity or we are done with you, you still must keep your faith and if that means your family is gone then that's what it must be. It's their ultimatum and not yours. But I don't think it means sacrifice your family for the sake of others and if your ministry is destructive or a threat to your family's stability, you must choose the welfare of your family first. You are the patriarch with a patriarch's responsibilities and nothing supersedes that.
 
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helmut

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if your ministry is destructive or a threat to your family's stability, you must choose the welfare of your family first. You are the patriarch with a patriarch's responsibilities and nothing supersedes that.
So if you are caught in a persecution, and the persecutors say: Either you say openly that you don't longer believe in Christ, or we kill your wife - is it your obligation to deny Christ because protecting her is more important than confessing?

If you look into the wider context - can you say you are certain that Mt 10:37-8 does not cover this situation, and any exegesis which includes it is wrong? Can you honestly say that your decision how broad or narrow these verses should be interpreted is not influenced by your American culture?
 
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section9+1

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So if you are caught in a persecution, and the persecutors say: Either you say openly that you don't longer believe in Christ, or we kill your wife - is it your obligation to deny Christ because protecting her is more important than confessing?

If you look into the wider context - can you say you are certain that Mt 10:37-8 does not cover this situation, and any exegesis which includes it is wrong? Can you honestly say that your decision how broad or narrow these verses should be interpreted is not influenced by your American culture?
absolutely.
 
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The Liturgist

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You have no doubts that you are right?

I am more cautious when it comes to evaluate my own culture.

I would note that American and German family values were historically extremely similiar, no doubt at least partially because descendants of ethnic Germans and related ethnicities are the largest self-reported ethnic group among Americans, numbering 44.3 million according to the last census. As an example, if we consider our two primary military leaders in Europe and the Pacific in WWII, General Dwight Eisenhower was of Swiss descent and Admiral Chester Nimitz was of German descent.

Both Germany and the US place a very high value on families and healthy family life. And unfortunately, starting in the second half of the twentieth century, this family life came under increasing pressure in both countries, with tragically high divorce rates and related social problems.

Now Albania is an interesting and special case, because the Adriatic people, like most Mediterraneans, place enormous value on extended family, whereas in the US and Germany there is greater emphasis on the nuclear family. I myself was greatly blessed to grow up in a strong, dynamic extended family in which I benefitted from closeness even to my second cousins, great aunts and uncles, and had a two parent household. This has become unusual.

However, Albania is also a former Communist regime, and as you might well know from interaction with older Osties who had the misfortune of living under the DDR, Communism is not very supportive of extended families, to put it mildly; even nuclear families faced severe strain, and the USSR in particular was known for among other social problems such as widespread alcoholism, extremely high divorce rates.

Now, of the former Communist countries in Europe, Albania had by a considerable margin the worst dictatorship under the radical atheist communist Enver Hoxha. Indeed, in its totalitarianism it was rivaled only by North Korea. The severed relations with Yugoslavia for Tito’s anti-Stalinism, then with the USSR after the anti-Stalinist purge under Nikita Kruschev, and was supported for some years by the People’s Republic of China, but then Hoxha broke off relations with Chairman Mao after the historic meeting with President Nixon. So Albania became, as is widely known, the most isolated country in Europe, amd to this day, regions of the country are covered with concrete pillboxes and other fortifications, because Communist Albania regarded all of its neighbors as a threat.

Domestically, the Hoxha regime completely outlawed religion. I am most familiar with the experience of the Albanian Orthodox Church, which almost ceased to exist; I believe there were at one point just thirty priests secretly ministering to underground communities of believers, and those caught by the secret police were killed. The traditions of the Albanian Orthodox Church, and indeed the means by which it was able to rebuild so rapidly, was the expatriate Christian community in the US, whose Orthodox members were led by Archbishop Fan Noli, who I greatly admire. Another Albanian Christian who I am sure we all admire is Mother Theresa.

Given the pure chaos that characterized much of Albania’s history after the downfall of the barbaric Hoxha regime, in which massive organized criminal empires parasitized the country for many years, the family emerged as something Albanians could count and depend on, and indeed in some cases appears to transcend even religious identification. Uniquely among Islamic countries, Albania has a large number of multifaith households in which some members are Christians and some are Muslim, and much like Ghana, Togo and Cote d’Ivoire, there is remarkably little religious strife. In the particular case of Albania, I think much of this can be attributed to the influence of the Bektashi Sufi Order, a semi-monastic group related to the quasi-Gnostic Alevi Sufis of Turkey, with certain crypto-Christian elements; Bektashis are probably more powerful in Albania than anywhere else (although their holiest site, in neighboring Macedonia, has been occupied for several years by a radical Sunni fundamentalist sect).

So the experience of family life, and its meaning to people in Albania, has been very different from the experience in any part of the United States, except perhaps to a very limit extent among the Albanian diaspora and the large Orthodox Christian communities in Pennsylvania, Oregon and Alaska, or the Federal Republic of Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein, or German-speaking Switzerland, Belgium and Luxembourg,* or even the German Democratic Republic. I personally think missionaries in Albania should seek to encourage their children to not be shy but to immerse themselves in the Albanian family life, and to develop deep bonds with Albanian children who desire their friendship.

*I have been blessed to spend time in all German speaking regions of Europe except the Italian Sudtirol area around Trieste, which was formerly the main seaport of Austria.
 
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I am an American evangelical missionary serving in the balkans. I am working with a national pastor in a small church.

I have encountered a bit of an issue in which I would value some input. I have tried explaining things, but I can’t seem to explain it adequately enough to the pastor. Can I give a bit of background about the situation and perhaps someone could share any thoughts they have regarding the situation?

My wife and I have three teenage children ages 13, 15, and 17. Over the years, we have encouraged and tried to integrate our kids into our host culture as much as possible. They have made strides in this area, but they feel most comfortable with other MKs and TCKs.

Our kids attend an English speaking Christian school that is comprised mostly of MKs and TCKs. All three of our kids attend either a Bible study or youth ministry event every Friday night that is sponsored by the school. Their community and activities mainly center around the school, with many of the teachers being surrogate spiritual mentors and disciplers in the absence of what would be a normal church experience for them. All three of our children are believers in Christ Jesus and have been baptized of their own initiative.

My wife and I have worked hard at developing a healthy understanding and involvement in “church” with our kids. This has been a challenging task and not at all unique to us, but a lot of missionary families struggle in this area. We minister and attend a church that is not in our language or culture, and our two youngest do not understand or speak enough Albanian to understand sermons, Bible studies, or conversations. We have had many discussions about why they need to go to this local church when they don’t understand anything! When we are in the United States, we are often at a different church every Sunday. So even though they understand the sermon, they do not have consistent community, accountability, or a means of being involved regularly in the church.

What we have settled on is piecing together all the components of “church” with some overlap. Three separate efforts help our children grow in their faith in a church experience - our local Albanian church, our children’s school, and our family church time. At the local church, they have a place of service in helping with children’s church and set-up/clean-up; they have multi-generational fellowship and care; they have a place to give tithes and to financially help others in need; and they have accountability in consistency. At the school, our children have Bible teaching; they have accountability with their peers in their daily lives; they have community and deeper fellowship for encouragement and growth; and they have spiritual mentors and youth pastors that come alongside them. In our family church time, we have worship and preaching from the Bible in English through the online services of a church in the US; we pray together and discuss the sermon and its application in our lives. We are careful to explain that normally a healthy church involvement would have all these components in one community, but we realize that this doesn’t happen on the mission field for our kids. I explain all this to underscore that church is very important to our family, but also complicated to explain to those that are not missionaries.

With this background in mind, here is the issue that has surfaced recently. Our local church has started a youth meeting which meets twice a month on Friday nights. Our children have been and continue to be invited to this church youth meeting, but it is on the same night that our kids have a Bible study/youth event through the school. The kids don’t relate as well to the church group compared to their MK and TCK peer group. We have talked with our kids about the church youth meeting, but they still do not have much of an interest in attending.

I am under pressure by our pastor to have our kids not go to the ministry events that they are a part of (and have been for years) and instead go to the church youth group meeting. Our kids don’t want to go to it. I have recently been told that it is an expectation that our kids would attend the church meeting. I don’t know what would happen if our kids still don’t go to it. I suppose the most extreme possibility would be revoking their membership of the church or asking us to leave our ministry with the church.

Everything that I read and believe to be good parenting given our context tells me not to force our kids to go to the church meeting when they don’t feel comfortable there, especially when they are growing spiritually and being ministered to at the youth ministry that is with their peers and in their heart language.

Am I off base here in saying, “Thanks for the invitation but our kids already have a ministry event that they go to.” Even if the church meeting was moved to a different night, I don’t think they would want to go. Not because they don’t like the people in the church, but because they feel so uncomfortable and are already having their needs met through the school’s ministry.

I was told by the pastor that as a missionary and elder of the church, it sets a poor example if my kids don’t go. And the expectation is that they would be there.

I want to say this situation is not that big of a deal, but I have seen missionaries ousted from national partnership for some pretty little things.

Does anyone have any thoughts regarding this situation?



I might not be a missionary myself, but your children do need to understand, especially if they count themselves followers of Christ, that if they hope to be an effective influence for Christ in a country to which they are not native, they need to take the time to become fluent in the native languages and they need to respect and abide by the customs and traditions of the nation and society in which they are serving just so long as those customs and traditions are not at odds with the teachings of scripture.

Have you pointed them to the example set by the Apostle Paul who determined to become all things to all people in order that he might win some over to our Lord? Do they recall the epistle wherein he stated that to the Jews who had the law he lived as a Jew and to the Gentiles, he lived as a Gentile? (1 Cor. 9:20-23)

They also need to understand that just as it is an offense to many Americans for a foreigner to come dwell among them and yet refuse to learn the English language and assimilate into American society, it is just as equally offensive to people of other nations when a foreigner comes to dwell among them and yet refuses to assimilate.

Your children need to learn to behave towards their Albanian hosts in the manner that they would want Albanians to behave towards them if their roles and places were reversed.
 
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helmut

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I would note that American and German family values were historically extremely similiar,
<
Thank you for this informative addition. Some of what you said I already knew, other points are new to me.

And there is a minor inaccuracy:

*I have been blessed to spend time in all German speaking regions of Europe except the Italian Sudtirol area around Trieste, which was formerly the main seaport of Austria.
Trieste is not Südtirol, the town was in Dalmatia before WW I. The regional languages there are Slovenian, Croatian and Italian. German was the language of administration, because Dalmatia was part of then Austria. I Suppose you mixed it up with Trento (Trient in German), which is no sea port, of course.

What is now called Südtirol (Suedtirol, not Sudtirol) was rather central Tirol, for in the very south of Tirol the majority of the people spoke Italian. The people in central Tirol spoke German, but it was given to Italian after WW I.

Trient is the capital of Trentino-Südtirol, which covers the whole area given to Italy, and the capital of Trentino, the Italian (southern) Part. The Capital of Südtirol proper (is Bolzano (German Bozen). Besides the Italian resp. German majority, there are Rhaeto-Roman language (Ladin) minorities in both parts.

EDIT: Minor correction (triggered by a typing error).
 
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helmut

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Have you pointed them to the example set by the Apostle Paul who determined to become all things to all people in order that he might win some over to our Lord? Do they recall the epistle wherein he stated that to the Jews who had the law he lived as a Jew and to the Gentiles, he lived as a Gentile? (1 Cor. 9:20-23)
This is a somewhat weak example: Paul always acted in the lingua franca of the eastern Mediterranean, Greek. There is no indication that he tried to learn, say, Lycaonian (cf. Acts 14:11). The languages he encountered (apart Hebrew, Aramaic and Latin - he probably spoke all of them) were considered "barbarian" minority languages, so you can say that they were not the language of the country.
I don't say you are wrong, no, in principle I agree with you. But language differences are a rather minor point in the NT, the biggest íssue is the more cultural than linguistic difference between Hellenists and Aramaic-speaking Judaean (both were Jews) in Acts 6. So it is rather by analogy that you can draw guidelines for language-related issues.
 
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Thank you for this informative addition. Some of what you said I already knew, other points are new to me.

And there is a minor inaccuracy:


Trieste is not Südtirol, the town was in Dalmatia before WW I. The regional languages there are Slovenian, Croatian and Italian. German was the language of administration, because Dalmatia was part of then Austria. I Suppose you mixed it up with Trento (Trient in German), which is no sea port, of course.

What is now called Südtirol (Suedtirol, not Sudtirol) was rather central Tirol, for in the very south of Tirol the majority of the people spoke Italian. The people in central Tirol spoke German, but it was given to Italian after WW I.

Trient is the capital of Trentino-Südtirol, which covers the whole area given to Italy, and the capital of Trentino, the Italian (southern) Part. The Capital of Südtirol proper (is Bolzano (German Bozen). Besides the Italian resp. German majority, there a Rhaeto-Roman language (Ladin) minority in both parts.

Ah, thats right, I forgot my basic geography. It would have helped I suppose if I had actually been there; I can comment on what Liechtenstein is like, or the dramatic visual differences between the Mossel Valley in Germany, the dramatic terrain as one enters the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, and the thick forests in the adjacent Belgian province, and I can even remark on the charm of the former German free port of Danzig, which is now Gdansk, and which together with the Polish resorts and shipping towns of Gydnia and Sopot, I really love, but those areas of Europe I have not visited depend on my ability to recall abstract facts, and there is no comparison. Awkward.
 
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This is a somewhat weak example: Paul always acted in the lingua franca of the eastern Mediterranean, Greek. There is no indication that he tried to learn, say, Lycaonian (cf. Acts 14:11). The languages he encountered (apart Hebrew, Aramaic and Latin - he probably spoke all of them) were considered "barbarian" minority languages, so you can say that they were not the language of the country.
I don't say you are wrong, no, in principle I agree with you. But language differences are a rather minor point in the NT, the biggest íssue is the more cultural than linguistic difference between Hellenists and Aramaic-speaking Judaean (both were Jews) in Acts 6. So it is rather by analogy that you can draw guidelines for language-related issues.


It should be made clear that I am not arguing that the minority languages of the day were primary languages of the Jewish people or Israel and the cited passage goes beyond speaking in the native tongue of the people that we are to reach.

And though the Jews, as well as other peoples, may have considered the minority languages as being barbarian, this clearly was not Paul's attitude and neither should it be our attitude. The entire point of the cited passage is that we should not be looking down upon the people we intend to reach for Christ and we should seek to convert them to nothing but Christ.

Paul did not seek to impose Judaism upon the Gentiles and he did not seek to impose Gentile customs upon the Jews, but so as to not cause needless offense, he abided by the customs of the people he was around as long as they did run contrary to the moral laws of God or the Gospel of Christ.
 
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helmut

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And though the Jews, as well as other peoples, may have considered the minority languages as being barbarian, this clearly was not Paul's attitude
Paul used "barbarian" in Ro 1:14, and though the word barbaros had somewhat different connotations than our modern term, the parallel to "(un)wise" shows he did not look on "Barbars" as equal in education or the like.

Barbaros is a Hellenist Greek term, the Jewish counterpart (in Greek) is the word translated as "Gentile" or "nation" in the AV.

But I did not wrote on Paul's attitude, but about his practice. You may compare it to one who preaches throughout the USA and always speak English, even to Indians, Latinos, or Cajuns.

It seems Paul avoided preaching in places where the people did not understand Greek, he only came to Lystra in order to escape persecution in larger towns. (Arabia in Gal 1:17 refers to a region where the people spoke a variant of Aramaic, a language he certainly knew as well as Greek).

The entire point of the cited passage is that we should not be looking down upon the people we intend to reach for Christ and we should seek to convert them to nothing but Christ.
Yes, you can use it by analogy for our point, all I wanted to say is the practice of Paul gives no direct model for living in a country with an foreign language.
 
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helmut

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Why would I question an understanding that I am satisfied with?
When you encounter someone who is "satisfied" with a different understanding, you should reckon with the possibility that he is right and you are wrong. Especially, if your understanding is based on your American education and his understanding of his different (say, Albanian) education.
But you may be content to keep thinking what you always thought, without worrying whether this is true or not, of course. It is your choice whether you love truth or not.
 
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When you encounter someone who is "satisfied" with a different understanding, you should reckon with the possibility that he is right and you are wrong. Especially, if your understanding is based on your American education and his understanding of his different (say, Albanian) education.
But you may be content to keep thinking what you always thought, without worrying whether this is true or not, of course. It is your choice whether you love truth or not.
I've got enough biblical truth in this to suit me. I don't encounter too many Albanians and I'm not looking to. They can see things as they please. It's irrelevant since I am not trying to influence any Albanians. The OP asked advice. I gave it as I saw it. Don't invent issues.
 
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Paul used "barbarian" in Ro 1:14, and though the word barbaros had somewhat different connotations than our modern term, the parallel to "(un)wise" shows he did not look on "Barbars" as equal in education or the like.

Barbaros is a Hellenist Greek term, the Jewish counterpart (in Greek) is the word translated as "Gentile" or "nation" in the AV.

But I did not wrote on Paul's attitude, but about his practice. You may compare it to one who preaches throughout the USA and always speak English, even to Indians, Latinos, or Cajuns.

It seems Paul avoided preaching in places where the people did not understand Greek, he only came to Lystra in order to escape persecution in larger towns. (Arabia in Gal 1:17 refers to a region where the people spoke a variant of Aramaic, a language he certainly knew as well as Greek).


The barbarians of his day may not have been as civilized or as well educated as other peoples, but that does not mean that Paul or the rest of the saints looked upon them as being less human than they were. In fact they were admonished not to. (Acts. 10:34)

Furthermore, it was not that Paul necessarily avoided preaching in places where people did not understand Greek. He simply preached wherever he was called to preach and the passage you refer to does not suggest any other region other than Arabia. If Paul said he settled in Arabia for a time, then that is where he had gone to.



Yes, you can use it by analogy for our point, all I wanted to say is the practice of Paul gives no direct model for living in a country with an foreign language.


And yet in order to win souls for Christ, we need to know the language of the people we seek to win over. Paul and the other Apostles obviously knew the tongues of those to whom they preached.
 
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helmut

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It's irrelevant since I am not trying to influence any Albanians.
You commented on an issue Albanians where involved to. This was the reason I admonished you not to rely on your culture. The influence of the own culture on one's thoughts is usually unbeknown (unconscious) to him. So with your attitude you simply cannot know whether the Albanian pastor or the American missionary is right.
 
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