First argument – God made two distinct genders
Let’s look at the first building block more closely, that God made two distinct genders, male and female.
Now of course the passages in the Bible which are usually talked about at this point are the creation accounts in Genesis 1 and 2, and also other passages that refer back to these, for example when Jesus does it in Matthew and Mark [Matthew 19:4-5; Mark 10:5-9].
But it seems strange to use Genesis 1 and 2 to say that God only made a male and a female and that therefore this
must apply to everyone since. Sure, it applies to the vast majority. But according to studies, only about 1 in 5,000 to 1 in 50,000 of the population are transgender [numbers vary greatly. In the resources section I include a couple of papers that provide a variety of estimates].
The creation accounts in Genesis aren’t focused on unusual situations – they don’t even apply straightforwardly to those who don’t have children or remain single. The creation accounts say that God blesses both male and female, that both are made in his image, that God blesses, if you like, marriage and children.
But Genesis doesn’t try to address transgenderism, or whether you must get married, or whether you must have children. Genesis doesn’t address transgenderism at all.
But let’s also consider the problem in claiming that there are two distinct biological sexes. That’s true for most people, but it’s not true for everyone.
Here we need to consider people who are intersex. What does that mean?
Put simply, there are a number of markers of biological sex. For example, your chromosomes, which carry your DNA. XY chromosomes are considered male, XX female. But then hormones have a massive influence on how our bodies develop in the womb, and at puberty. And also there is what our bodies actually look like – what shape are they, what genitalia we have. And there’s also our physical brain – female brains are, on average, slightly different in structure from male brains. And, of course, there is our sense of identity – that we feel male or female.
Usually, all of these line up neatly. For example, someone with XY chromosomes gets hormones for male development in the womb, and then is born with male genitalia, and grows up through puberty into a typical male shape, with a male brain structure and who thinks of themselves as male. And vice versa for women.
But not always. Occasionally, women are born with XY chromosomes. How come? Because from being in the womb their bodies don’t react to a male hormone. These females have what are usually considered male chromosomes. [This
NHS website has more information]
You can also get the opposite – those with XX (female) chromosomes who develop from the womb as males.
And you can even get the situation where the chromosomes are typically male – XY – but they are born looking female, but then at puberty develop into males. [The
BBC has an article on the
guevedoces, as they are known in the Dominican Republic]
And there are a range of conditions where the body has some typically male biological elements and some typically female biological elements.
Broadly, people with these features, where not all the biological markers line up together neatly, come under the intersex category – the I in LGBTI.
The conditions are rare, but they show clearly that there is no single biological marker you can point to and say this definitively makes someone male or female.
Chromosomes, hormones, brain structure, and physical appearance don’t always line up neatly. It’s scientifically wrong to say that the biological sexes are always distinct.
Intersex people aren’t addressed directly in scripture at all. So how do some commentators handle the reality of intersex people? I’m afraid often just by ignoring them entirely. Or by saying that it is a result of the fall, it is a groaning of creation [Romans 8], and in any case they are clearly exceptions.
But if this is true for those who are intersex, it also is true for those who are transgender or who are seeking to transition.
Some people have a deep-seated, permanent sense that their gender identity is different from the one assigned at birth. We don’t know why exactly this happens, but it is at least partly biological in cause.
If an identical twin transitions, there is a 20-30% chance that their sibling, with the same DNA, will also transition. If a non-identical twin transitions, sharing 50% of the same DNA and the same womb, the chance that their sibling also transitions drops to 2% or lower.
Additionally, some studies have suggested that the physical brain structure is more likely to resemble their preferred gender identity, though this evidence is less conclusive. But gender identity is partly biological in nature. [See resources below for some of the papers which have provided this evidence.]
So, like intersex, we have biological indicators and other indicators – your sense of identity here – not all lining up together neatly.
The first building block is simply wrong. Some people – not many, but including trans people – do not fit neatly into one distinct gender or the other where everything lines up together.