That may be, but I still have no idea what point you were trying to make back in post 22.
“
Knowledge” Concerning what man can safely say he knows
1.
A Priori (what comes earlier) - Knowledge gained prior to or independently of experience. Reasoned.
2.
A Posteriori (what comes later) - Knowledge gained from or by sensory experience (Hume). Empiricism
3.
Inductive Reasoning- Moving from specific instances or examples to general conclusions (Method of science- theories or laws).
4.
Deductive Reasoning- Moving from general statements (universal) to a specific conclusion.
5.
Intuition- All at once flash.
6.
Philosophy seeks knowledge about the questions of life.
7.
Forms: Intelligible world consists of all the forms (non-material essence- entity that is unchanging, eternal, grasped only by the mind) whereas the sensible world consists of all the particular, sensible things. Visible world-
as our eyes sees it exists in space and time and is imperfect. Intelligible world is unchanging, outside of space and time, and perfect.
8.
Imaging: The mind confronts an image from the visible world and makes a judgement as to what it is.
9.
Belief: When we believe, we consider a particular instance of a Form to be fully real.
10.
Thinking: To progress from belief to thinking is to move from the visible world to the intelligible world, from the realm of opinion to the realm of knowledge. Plato explains that thinking is a mode of thought that proceeds from assumptions, therefore thinking is not the highest mode of thought because it does not fully understand why its truths are true.
11.
Intelligence: The highest ability of the mind to grasp the forms directly, without having to rely on objects. Intelligence, unlike thinking, does not use assumptions. When we grasp a pure form, we understand its relation to all other forms, and thus to all reality. Intelligence gives us a view of the unity of all reality and completely satisfies the mind.
12.
Plato's Cave: To become educated means to pass from opinion to knowledge. To advance from opinion to knowledge means to pass from what seems real to what is actually real. The allegory makes clear that the role of an educator is not to put knowledge in someone's mind, but to turn the persons soul to reality. Just as the eye has the ability to see, the soul has the power to attain knowledge. To progress out of the cave unto the great outdoors represents the gaining of knowledge.
13.
David Hume- Empiricist: Bases all knowledge on experience. The contents of the mind are restricted to perceptions or sensory experiences called impressions and ideas. Impressions are “all our more lovely perceptions- when we hear, see, feel, love, hate, desire, or will.” Ideas (thoughts) are less lively because they are copies of impressions that arise in our mind as the result of the original impression. Our power of understanding has two objects, relations of ideas and matters of fact. An example of gaining knowledge from relations of ideas is mathematics. Priori (independent of experience or what comes earlier) and Posteriori (experience or what comes later). Since we have no impression of Causality (arising from a cause), we have no genuine idea of it (we cannot know that one idea causes another). Certainty about matters of fact is limited to what we experience. Interference's on matters of fact is skepticism (skeptesthai look at).
10.
Immanuel Kant- Synthesis/Critical Idealism: Impressed by Hume’s writings. Our mind organizes experiences in different ways. The mind and the senses both make important contributions to knowledge. Kants reflection on Physics led him to develop a new theory of knowledge that combines rationalism and empiricism into a new synthesis called critical philosophy. Kant agrees with Hume that out knowledge begins with experience, but disagrees to the experience sensual limitations “Though our knowledge begins with experience, it does not follow that it rises out of experience.” Our knowledge of causality is a priori (independent of all experience “pure” knowledge) which is contrasted with a posteriori (knowledge that depends upon experience “empirical” knowledge). What distinguishes a priori knowledge from a posteriori is its necessity and universality. Knowledge achieved by science is priori not posteriori. What make scientific knowledge possible is not my experience of specific objects, but the way my mind structures them. Just as a person with sunglasses on seed things differently, so the human being sees things according to that structure. Kant distinguishes the mind in two dimensions, sensibility and understanding. Sensibility is the minds method to receive representation of things (intuition- insight), Understanding is how the mind actively thinks about those objects. Theories about the forms of intuition and the categories of the understanding lead him to distinguish phenomena (appearances as filtered through our senses and understanding) from noumena (things themselves as they exist independently from the mind which we can never know). Priori judgements can be synthetic. A judgement affirms a relationship between a subject and a predicate (The sky[subject] is blue[predicate]). An analytical judgement affirms something of a subject that is not already contained in the concept of it (Textbooks [subject] are expensive [no concept of textbook]). All analytical judgements are priori, synthetic judgements can be both (according to out experience).
Conclusion - Our mind takes when the senses report and attempts to make a structured reality of it. Man, though, must remember, that his mental structured reality is not true form, but a
posteriori, Latin for "from the latter", is a term from logic, which usually refers to reasoning that works backward from an effect to its causes. This kind of reasoning can sometimes lead to false conclusions.