Hell
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GodLovesCats
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So how do you explain God being the God of the spiritually dead before they are born again? And what about His children in Heaven, who got there by dying physically?
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- Feb 24, 2019
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'As Hell Falls'--he has given a good description of the teaching concerning hell from the OT to the NT.
Scripture is not confusing; it is our lack of understanding of it that brings confusion. Until I studied in depth both the OT & the NT, the WHOLE of Scripture, comparing terms & seeing which ones were synonymous, it appeared to be a little confusing. Now it stands out to me & is clear.
In the older translations of the Scriptures, hell was used for the temporary place or abode of the dead in the spiritual realm, as well as the eternal or permanent place of the unsaved/unbelieving/wicked.
This does not have to be confusing if one knows that even though the term hell covers the temporary abode of the dead as well as the permanent abode of the wicked in the older translations.
Other terms are similar, such as using the one English word, love, for four different Greek words in the Scriptures (agape, phileo, storge, eros) or the different 'heavens' for one English word or or the actual use of the Word in English for several different Greek words (logos & rhema)
Some of the newer ones describe it as Sheol (OT), Hades (NT), Tartarus (NT) & the permanent abode is known as the Gehenna of fire (Mt 18:9; Mk 9:47; Mt 5:22, etc.) or the Tophet of fire (another OT term--Is 30:33; Jer 7:31,32; 2 Kings 23:10) or the Lake of fire (Rev 19:20; 20:10,14,15; 21:8) or the Second Death (Rev 3:11; 20:6,14; 21:8) . All these terms are describing the same place in the spiritual realm in the new heavens & earth.
In the OT it was primarily called Sheol, but also the pit, the abyss, Abaddon (Greek 'apollyon') & the place of oblivion. God described it to Job, instructing him as to whether Job knew where it was at, like God did.
Job 38:17 Do you know where the gates of death are located? Have you seen the gates of the shadow of death (deepest darkness)?
Psalm 107:18 They loathed all food & drew near to the gates of death.
In the NT, the Greek word synonymous with Sheol is Hades. They are one & the same place in the spiritual realm, the abode of those who have physically died & where the form of their soul & spirit reside until the resurrection, although the occupants in Hades changes over time after the resurrection & ascension of Christ.
Job 10:21 ...Before I go to the place of no return, to the land of gloom & utter darkness.
Job 26:6 Sheol is naked before Him & Abaddon has no covering.
Psalm 88:12 Are your wonders known in the place of darkness, or your righteous deeds in the land of oblivion?
Eccl 9:10 Whatever your hand finds to do, do it with all your might, for in the realm of the dead, where you are going, there is neither working nor planning nor learning nor wisdom.
Psalm 86:13 For great is Thy mercy toward me & Thou hast delivered my soul from the lowest hell.
Ezek 26:20 Then I will bring you down with those who descend to the Pit, to the people of antiquity. I will make you dwell in the earth below like the ancient ruins, with those who descend to the Pit, so that you will no longer be inhabited or set in splendor in the land of the living.
Isaiah 14:9,10,14,15 Sheol beneath is stirred up to meet you when you come; it rouses the spirits to greet you...All of them will answer
& say to you: ‘You too have become as weak as we! You have become like us!’ You are brought down to Sheol, to the far reaches of the pit.
2 Sam 22:6 The cords of Sheol entangled me; the snares of death confronted me.
Psalm 18:4,5 The cords of death encompassed me; the torrents of ungodliness (Heb: literally 'Belial'--both demonic & ungodly people) terrified me. The cords of Sheol entangled me; the snares of death came upon me.
Psalm 116:3 The cords of death encompassed me & the torments (terrors, anguish) of Sheol came upon me; I found distress & sorrow.
Luke 16:22-31 One day the beggar DIED & was carried by the angels to Abraham’s side. And the rich man also died & was BURIED. And he went to Hades & there, being in torments, he looked UP & saw Abraham in the far distance with Lazarus at his side.
24So he cried out, ‘Father Abraham, have mercy on me & send Lazarus to dip the tip of his finger in water & cool my tongue. For I am in torments in this fire.’
25But Abraham answered, ‘Child, remember that during your lifetime you received your good things, while Lazarus received bad things. But now he is comforted here, while you are left there to suffer. And besides all this, a great chasm has been fixed between us & you, so that even those who wish cannot cross from here to you, nor can anyone cross from there to us.’
27‘Then I beg you, father,’ he said, ‘send Lazarus to my father’s house, for I have five brothers. Let him warn them so they will not also end up in this place of torments.’
29But Abraham replied, ‘They have Moses & the prophets; let your brothers listen to them.’ ‘No, father Abraham,’ he said, ‘but if someone is sent to them from the dead, they will repent.’ Then Abraham said to him, ‘If they do not listen to Moses & the prophets, they will not be persuaded even if someone rises from the dead.’”
Ezek 32:18 "Son of man, wail for the multitudes of Egypt & consign to the depths of the earth both her & the daughters of the mighty nations, with those who descend to the Pit."
The Law, the Prophets & the Writings (3 divisions of the Jewish OT) are full of descriptions of Sheol/Hades/abode of the dead.
Daniel 12:2 And many who sleep in the dust of the earth will awake, some to everlasting life, but others to shame & everlasting disgrace.
Matt 25:46 And these shall go away into everlasting punishment: but the righteous into life everlasting.
Ezek 37:12 Therefore prophesy & tell them that this is what the Lord GOD says: 'O My people, I will open your graves & bring you up from them & I will bring you back to the land of Israel.
Acts 24:15 And I have the same hope in God that they themselves cherish, that there will be a resurrection of both the righteous AND the wicked.
Jonah 2:2,6 And he said: “I cried out to the LORD because of my affliction & He answered me. “Out of the depth of Sheol I cried & You heard my voice. I went down to the bottoms of the mountains; the earth with her gates closed upon me for ever & yet hast Thou brought up my life from the pit of destruction, O LORD my God. (Jesus' used this example of Jonah's death & resurrection out of Sheol as an illustration of His gospel message of the same)
Hosea 6:2 After two days He will revive us; on the third day He will raise us up, that we may live in His presence. (OT Scripture on the death & resurrection of the Messiah out of Sheol)
Matt 16:18 I will build My church & the gates of Hades (hell) will not prevail against it.
I Sam 2:6 The LORD brings death & gives life; some He brings down to Sheol & others He raises up.
Psalm 16:10 For You will not abandon my soul to Sheol, nor will You let your Holy One see decay.
Psalm 49:15 But God will redeem my soul from the POWER OF SHEOL: for He shall receive me. Selah
Acts 2:24 Whom God has raised up, having loosed the pains of death: because it was not possible that He should be held by it.
Psalm 30:3 O LORD, You pulled me up from Sheol; You spared me from descending into the Pit.
Isaiah 38:10 "I said that in the prime of my life I must go to the gates of Sheol; I will be deprived of the remainder of my years.
Isaiah 26:19 Thy dead men shall live, together with my dead body shall they arise. Awake & sing, ye that dwell in dust: for thy dew is as the dew of herbs & the earth shall cast out the dead.
Rev 20:13 The sea gave up its dead & Death & Hades gave up their dead & each one was judged according to his deeds. (This is the second resurrection of the unbelieving)
Rev 19:10 And the beast was captured & with it the false prophet who in its presence had done the signs by which he deceived those who had received the mark of the beast & those who worshiped its image. These two were thrown ALIVE INTO into the lake of fire that burns with sulfur.
Rev 20:10,15 And the devil who had deceived them was thrown into the lake of fire & sulfur where the beast AND the false prophet WERE & THEY will be tormented day AND night--forever & ever. And if anyone's name was not found written in the book of life, he was thrown into the lake of fire.
Rev 14:11 And the SMOKE of their torment goes up forever AND ever, & THEY HAVE NO REST, DAY AND NIGHT, these WORSHIPERS of the beast & its image & WHOEVER receives the mark of its name.”
Isaiah 14:15 Yet thou shalt be brought down to Sheol, to the sides of the pit.
This is just scratching the surface of what the whole of Scripture has to say concerning the abode of the dead, those under the earth, those in Sheol/Hades/Gehenna/Tartarus.
I haven't yet discussed the 'levels' that are found in Sheol/Hades which some others have somewhat addressed. The Garden of Eden was the original Paradise, where Adam & Eve were originally, clothed in glory. They lost their glorious covering & place there & experienced the law of sin & death when they sinned.
Gen 2:10 A river went out of Eden (Heb: 'delight, pleasure) to water the garden...
Gen 13:10 And Lot looked out & saw that the whole plain of the Jordan, all the way to Zoar, was well watered LIKE the garden of the LORD...
So what happened to it? It was a spiritual place where glorified people are & it ended up IN SHEOL in the OT until it was taken up with Christ in the ascension to the third heaven. Abraham & all the OT saints went there & that is why the beggar, Lazarus, ended up there by Abraham's side. Remember that Dives, the certain rich man, LOOKED UP & saw Abraham & Lazarus by his side. He saw them because the light of God is there & the river of the waters of life is there.
Jeremiah 2:12,13 Be stunned by this, O HEAVENS; be shocked & utterly appalled,” declares the LORD. For my people have done two evil things: They have abandoned Me— the FOUNTAIN OF LIVING WATER. And they have dug for themselves broken cisterns that can hold no water at all!
Ezek 31:9 I made it beautiful with its many branches, the envy of all the trees of Eden, which were in the garden of God.'
Ezekiel 13:14-18 This happened so that no other trees by the waters would become great in height & set their tops among the clouds & no other well-watered trees would reach them in height. For they have all been consigned to death, to the depths of the earth, among the mortals who descend to the Pit.’
15This is what the Lord GOD says: ‘On the day it was brought down to Sheol, I caused grief. I covered the deep (Heb, 'tehom' again, abyss) because of it...I made the nations quake at the sound of its downfall, when I cast it down to Sheol with those who descend to the Pit.
Then all the trees of Eden...were consoled in the earth below. They too descended with it TO SHEOL, to those slain by the sword...
18Who then is like you in glory & greatness among the trees of Eden? You also will be brought down to the depths of the earth to be WITH the trees of Eden. You will lie among the uncircumcised, with those slain by the sword. This is Pharaoh & all his multitude, declares the Lord GOD.’”
Jeremiah 31:12 They will come & shout for joy on the heights of Zion; they will be radiant over the bounty of the LORD—the grain, new wine & oil & the young of the flocks & herds. Their life will be LIKE a well-watered garden & never again will they languish.”
Rev 22:1,2 And he shewed me a pure river of the water of life, clear as crystal, proceeding out of the throne of God & of the Lamb, down the middle of the main street of the city. On either side of the river stood THE TREE OF LIFE...
Psalm 46:4 There is a river whose streams delight the city of God, the holy place where the Most High dwells.
Haggai 2:7 I will shake all the nations & they will come with all their treasures & I will fill this house with glory, says the LORD of Hosts.
Psalm 36:8 They feast on the abundance of Your house, and You give them drink from Your river of delights.
Isaiah 58:11 The LORD will always guide you; He will satisfy you in a sun-scorched land & strengthen your frame. You will be like a well-watered garden, like a spring whose waters never fail.
Zechariah 14:8 And on that day living water will flow out from Jerusalem
John 14:10 Jesus answered, "If you knew the gift of God & who is asking you for a drink, you would have asked Him & He would have given you living water."
Rev 7:17 For the Lamb in the center of the throne will be their shepherd. He will lead them to springs of living water & God will wipe away every tear from their eyes.'"
Rev 22:17 The Spirit & the bride say, "Come!" Let the one who hears say, "Come!" And let the one who is thirsty come & the one who desires the water of life drink freely.
I Cor 10:3,4 They all ate the same SPIRITUAL food & drank the same spiritual drink; for they drank from the spiritual rock that accompanied them & that rock was Christ.
Rev 21:4 He will wipe away every tear from their eyes & there will be no more death or mourning or crying or pain, for the former things have passed away."
Rev 21:22,26 And I saw no temple in the city, for its temple is the Lord God the Almighty & the Lamb. But nothing unclean WILL EVER ENTER IT, NOR ANYONE who does what is detestable or false, but ONLY THOSE who are written in the Lamb’s book of life.
Luke 13:28,29 There shall be weeping & gnashing of teeth, when ye shall see Abraham & Isaac & Jacob & all the prophets, in the kingdom of God, & you yourselves THRUST OUT(SIDE)…
There is the upper level where Paradise was before Christ ascended & took it, with all the OT saints, to the third heaven, where Paul briefly went. (2 Cor 12:2-5). Paradise is called by different names: Abraham's Bosom, Gan Eden--garden of Eden, the abode of bliss, the city of God)
The lowest level is described as the Greek term, Tartarus (hell), where the wicked angels were cast into & chained.
2 Peter 2:1-4,9 They will secretly introduce destructive heresies, even denying the Master who bought them—bringing swift destruction on themselves. Many will follow in their depravity & because of them the way of truth will be defamed.
In their greed, these false teachers will exploit you with deceptive words. The longstanding verdict against them remains in force & their destruction does not sleep.
For if God did not spare the angels having sinned, but having cast them down to Tartarus, in chains of gloomy darkness, delivered them, being kept for judgment...The Lord knows how to deliver the godly out of temptations & to reserve the unjust unto the day of judgment to be punished:
Jude 1:6 And the angels who did not stay within their own domain but abandoned their proper dwelling--these He has kept in eternal chains under darkness, bound for judgment on that great day.
Job 21:30 That the wicked is reserved to the day of destruction...they shall be brought forth to the day of wrath.
Rev 20:1,2 Then I saw an angel coming down from heaven with the key to the Abyss, holding in his hand a great chain. He seized the dragon, that ancient serpent who is the devil and Satan, and bound him for a thousand years.
Matt 25:41 Then shall he say also unto them on the left hand, Depart from me, ye cursed, into everlasting fire, prepared for the devil & his angels...
https://www.biblesprout.com/articles/hell/names-hell-bible/
Scripture is not confusing; it is our lack of understanding of it that brings confusion. Until I studied in depth both the OT & the NT, the WHOLE of Scripture, comparing terms & seeing which ones were synonymous, it appeared to be a little confusing. Now it stands out to me & is clear.
In the older translations of the Scriptures, hell was used for the temporary place or abode of the dead in the spiritual realm, as well as the eternal or permanent place of the unsaved/unbelieving/wicked.
This does not have to be confusing if one knows that even though the term hell covers the temporary abode of the dead as well as the permanent abode of the wicked in the older translations.
Other terms are similar, such as using the one English word, love, for four different Greek words in the Scriptures (agape, phileo, storge, eros) or the different 'heavens' for one English word or or the actual use of the Word in English for several different Greek words (logos & rhema)
Some of the newer ones describe it as Sheol (OT), Hades (NT), Tartarus (NT) & the permanent abode is known as the Gehenna of fire (Mt 18:9; Mk 9:47; Mt 5:22, etc.) or the Tophet of fire (another OT term--Is 30:33; Jer 7:31,32; 2 Kings 23:10) or the Lake of fire (Rev 19:20; 20:10,14,15; 21:8) or the Second Death (Rev 3:11; 20:6,14; 21:8) . All these terms are describing the same place in the spiritual realm in the new heavens & earth.
In the OT it was primarily called Sheol, but also the pit, the abyss, Abaddon (Greek 'apollyon') & the place of oblivion. God described it to Job, instructing him as to whether Job knew where it was at, like God did.
Job 38:17 Do you know where the gates of death are located? Have you seen the gates of the shadow of death (deepest darkness)?
Psalm 107:18 They loathed all food & drew near to the gates of death.
In the NT, the Greek word synonymous with Sheol is Hades. They are one & the same place in the spiritual realm, the abode of those who have physically died & where the form of their soul & spirit reside until the resurrection, although the occupants in Hades changes over time after the resurrection & ascension of Christ.
Job 10:21 ...Before I go to the place of no return, to the land of gloom & utter darkness.
Job 26:6 Sheol is naked before Him & Abaddon has no covering.
Psalm 88:12 Are your wonders known in the place of darkness, or your righteous deeds in the land of oblivion?
Eccl 9:10 Whatever your hand finds to do, do it with all your might, for in the realm of the dead, where you are going, there is neither working nor planning nor learning nor wisdom.
Psalm 86:13 For great is Thy mercy toward me & Thou hast delivered my soul from the lowest hell.
Ezek 26:20 Then I will bring you down with those who descend to the Pit, to the people of antiquity. I will make you dwell in the earth below like the ancient ruins, with those who descend to the Pit, so that you will no longer be inhabited or set in splendor in the land of the living.
Isaiah 14:9,10,14,15 Sheol beneath is stirred up to meet you when you come; it rouses the spirits to greet you...All of them will answer
& say to you: ‘You too have become as weak as we! You have become like us!’ You are brought down to Sheol, to the far reaches of the pit.
2 Sam 22:6 The cords of Sheol entangled me; the snares of death confronted me.
Psalm 18:4,5 The cords of death encompassed me; the torrents of ungodliness (Heb: literally 'Belial'--both demonic & ungodly people) terrified me. The cords of Sheol entangled me; the snares of death came upon me.
Psalm 116:3 The cords of death encompassed me & the torments (terrors, anguish) of Sheol came upon me; I found distress & sorrow.
Luke 16:22-31 One day the beggar DIED & was carried by the angels to Abraham’s side. And the rich man also died & was BURIED. And he went to Hades & there, being in torments, he looked UP & saw Abraham in the far distance with Lazarus at his side.
24So he cried out, ‘Father Abraham, have mercy on me & send Lazarus to dip the tip of his finger in water & cool my tongue. For I am in torments in this fire.’
25But Abraham answered, ‘Child, remember that during your lifetime you received your good things, while Lazarus received bad things. But now he is comforted here, while you are left there to suffer. And besides all this, a great chasm has been fixed between us & you, so that even those who wish cannot cross from here to you, nor can anyone cross from there to us.’
27‘Then I beg you, father,’ he said, ‘send Lazarus to my father’s house, for I have five brothers. Let him warn them so they will not also end up in this place of torments.’
29But Abraham replied, ‘They have Moses & the prophets; let your brothers listen to them.’ ‘No, father Abraham,’ he said, ‘but if someone is sent to them from the dead, they will repent.’ Then Abraham said to him, ‘If they do not listen to Moses & the prophets, they will not be persuaded even if someone rises from the dead.’”
Ezek 32:18 "Son of man, wail for the multitudes of Egypt & consign to the depths of the earth both her & the daughters of the mighty nations, with those who descend to the Pit."
The Law, the Prophets & the Writings (3 divisions of the Jewish OT) are full of descriptions of Sheol/Hades/abode of the dead.
Daniel 12:2 And many who sleep in the dust of the earth will awake, some to everlasting life, but others to shame & everlasting disgrace.
Matt 25:46 And these shall go away into everlasting punishment: but the righteous into life everlasting.
Ezek 37:12 Therefore prophesy & tell them that this is what the Lord GOD says: 'O My people, I will open your graves & bring you up from them & I will bring you back to the land of Israel.
Acts 24:15 And I have the same hope in God that they themselves cherish, that there will be a resurrection of both the righteous AND the wicked.
Jonah 2:2,6 And he said: “I cried out to the LORD because of my affliction & He answered me. “Out of the depth of Sheol I cried & You heard my voice. I went down to the bottoms of the mountains; the earth with her gates closed upon me for ever & yet hast Thou brought up my life from the pit of destruction, O LORD my God. (Jesus' used this example of Jonah's death & resurrection out of Sheol as an illustration of His gospel message of the same)
Hosea 6:2 After two days He will revive us; on the third day He will raise us up, that we may live in His presence. (OT Scripture on the death & resurrection of the Messiah out of Sheol)
Matt 16:18 I will build My church & the gates of Hades (hell) will not prevail against it.
I Sam 2:6 The LORD brings death & gives life; some He brings down to Sheol & others He raises up.
Psalm 16:10 For You will not abandon my soul to Sheol, nor will You let your Holy One see decay.
Psalm 49:15 But God will redeem my soul from the POWER OF SHEOL: for He shall receive me. Selah
Acts 2:24 Whom God has raised up, having loosed the pains of death: because it was not possible that He should be held by it.
Psalm 30:3 O LORD, You pulled me up from Sheol; You spared me from descending into the Pit.
Isaiah 38:10 "I said that in the prime of my life I must go to the gates of Sheol; I will be deprived of the remainder of my years.
Isaiah 26:19 Thy dead men shall live, together with my dead body shall they arise. Awake & sing, ye that dwell in dust: for thy dew is as the dew of herbs & the earth shall cast out the dead.
Rev 20:13 The sea gave up its dead & Death & Hades gave up their dead & each one was judged according to his deeds. (This is the second resurrection of the unbelieving)
Rev 19:10 And the beast was captured & with it the false prophet who in its presence had done the signs by which he deceived those who had received the mark of the beast & those who worshiped its image. These two were thrown ALIVE INTO into the lake of fire that burns with sulfur.
Rev 20:10,15 And the devil who had deceived them was thrown into the lake of fire & sulfur where the beast AND the false prophet WERE & THEY will be tormented day AND night--forever & ever. And if anyone's name was not found written in the book of life, he was thrown into the lake of fire.
Rev 14:11 And the SMOKE of their torment goes up forever AND ever, & THEY HAVE NO REST, DAY AND NIGHT, these WORSHIPERS of the beast & its image & WHOEVER receives the mark of its name.”
Isaiah 14:15 Yet thou shalt be brought down to Sheol, to the sides of the pit.
This is just scratching the surface of what the whole of Scripture has to say concerning the abode of the dead, those under the earth, those in Sheol/Hades/Gehenna/Tartarus.
I haven't yet discussed the 'levels' that are found in Sheol/Hades which some others have somewhat addressed. The Garden of Eden was the original Paradise, where Adam & Eve were originally, clothed in glory. They lost their glorious covering & place there & experienced the law of sin & death when they sinned.
Gen 2:10 A river went out of Eden (Heb: 'delight, pleasure) to water the garden...
Gen 13:10 And Lot looked out & saw that the whole plain of the Jordan, all the way to Zoar, was well watered LIKE the garden of the LORD...
So what happened to it? It was a spiritual place where glorified people are & it ended up IN SHEOL in the OT until it was taken up with Christ in the ascension to the third heaven. Abraham & all the OT saints went there & that is why the beggar, Lazarus, ended up there by Abraham's side. Remember that Dives, the certain rich man, LOOKED UP & saw Abraham & Lazarus by his side. He saw them because the light of God is there & the river of the waters of life is there.
Jeremiah 2:12,13 Be stunned by this, O HEAVENS; be shocked & utterly appalled,” declares the LORD. For my people have done two evil things: They have abandoned Me— the FOUNTAIN OF LIVING WATER. And they have dug for themselves broken cisterns that can hold no water at all!
Ezek 31:9 I made it beautiful with its many branches, the envy of all the trees of Eden, which were in the garden of God.'
Ezekiel 13:14-18 This happened so that no other trees by the waters would become great in height & set their tops among the clouds & no other well-watered trees would reach them in height. For they have all been consigned to death, to the depths of the earth, among the mortals who descend to the Pit.’
15This is what the Lord GOD says: ‘On the day it was brought down to Sheol, I caused grief. I covered the deep (Heb, 'tehom' again, abyss) because of it...I made the nations quake at the sound of its downfall, when I cast it down to Sheol with those who descend to the Pit.
Then all the trees of Eden...were consoled in the earth below. They too descended with it TO SHEOL, to those slain by the sword...
18Who then is like you in glory & greatness among the trees of Eden? You also will be brought down to the depths of the earth to be WITH the trees of Eden. You will lie among the uncircumcised, with those slain by the sword. This is Pharaoh & all his multitude, declares the Lord GOD.’”
Jeremiah 31:12 They will come & shout for joy on the heights of Zion; they will be radiant over the bounty of the LORD—the grain, new wine & oil & the young of the flocks & herds. Their life will be LIKE a well-watered garden & never again will they languish.”
Rev 22:1,2 And he shewed me a pure river of the water of life, clear as crystal, proceeding out of the throne of God & of the Lamb, down the middle of the main street of the city. On either side of the river stood THE TREE OF LIFE...
Psalm 46:4 There is a river whose streams delight the city of God, the holy place where the Most High dwells.
Haggai 2:7 I will shake all the nations & they will come with all their treasures & I will fill this house with glory, says the LORD of Hosts.
Psalm 36:8 They feast on the abundance of Your house, and You give them drink from Your river of delights.
Isaiah 58:11 The LORD will always guide you; He will satisfy you in a sun-scorched land & strengthen your frame. You will be like a well-watered garden, like a spring whose waters never fail.
Zechariah 14:8 And on that day living water will flow out from Jerusalem
John 14:10 Jesus answered, "If you knew the gift of God & who is asking you for a drink, you would have asked Him & He would have given you living water."
Rev 7:17 For the Lamb in the center of the throne will be their shepherd. He will lead them to springs of living water & God will wipe away every tear from their eyes.'"
Rev 22:17 The Spirit & the bride say, "Come!" Let the one who hears say, "Come!" And let the one who is thirsty come & the one who desires the water of life drink freely.
I Cor 10:3,4 They all ate the same SPIRITUAL food & drank the same spiritual drink; for they drank from the spiritual rock that accompanied them & that rock was Christ.
Rev 21:4 He will wipe away every tear from their eyes & there will be no more death or mourning or crying or pain, for the former things have passed away."
Rev 21:22,26 And I saw no temple in the city, for its temple is the Lord God the Almighty & the Lamb. But nothing unclean WILL EVER ENTER IT, NOR ANYONE who does what is detestable or false, but ONLY THOSE who are written in the Lamb’s book of life.
Luke 13:28,29 There shall be weeping & gnashing of teeth, when ye shall see Abraham & Isaac & Jacob & all the prophets, in the kingdom of God, & you yourselves THRUST OUT(SIDE)…
There is the upper level where Paradise was before Christ ascended & took it, with all the OT saints, to the third heaven, where Paul briefly went. (2 Cor 12:2-5). Paradise is called by different names: Abraham's Bosom, Gan Eden--garden of Eden, the abode of bliss, the city of God)
The lowest level is described as the Greek term, Tartarus (hell), where the wicked angels were cast into & chained.
2 Peter 2:1-4,9 They will secretly introduce destructive heresies, even denying the Master who bought them—bringing swift destruction on themselves. Many will follow in their depravity & because of them the way of truth will be defamed.
In their greed, these false teachers will exploit you with deceptive words. The longstanding verdict against them remains in force & their destruction does not sleep.
For if God did not spare the angels having sinned, but having cast them down to Tartarus, in chains of gloomy darkness, delivered them, being kept for judgment...The Lord knows how to deliver the godly out of temptations & to reserve the unjust unto the day of judgment to be punished:
Jude 1:6 And the angels who did not stay within their own domain but abandoned their proper dwelling--these He has kept in eternal chains under darkness, bound for judgment on that great day.
Job 21:30 That the wicked is reserved to the day of destruction...they shall be brought forth to the day of wrath.
Rev 20:1,2 Then I saw an angel coming down from heaven with the key to the Abyss, holding in his hand a great chain. He seized the dragon, that ancient serpent who is the devil and Satan, and bound him for a thousand years.
Matt 25:41 Then shall he say also unto them on the left hand, Depart from me, ye cursed, into everlasting fire, prepared for the devil & his angels...
https://www.biblesprout.com/articles/hell/names-hell-bible/
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In the story that Jesus told, as reported in Luke 16, of two men it's important not to infer New Testament doctrine from something that occurred before Christ's death on the cross. Christ's story explains what happened to two men after death in the Old Testament time.
Christ's death on the cross removed the need for Abraham's bosom for all those who die in Him, as their spirits will be immediately received by Him in Paradise.
The Hades in the Luke story, where the rich man resides, still remains and is receiving the spirits of those who die outside of Christ. Their final destination is the Lake of Fire after the Great White Throne Judgment sentencing.
Christ's death on the cross removed the need for Abraham's bosom for all those who die in Him, as their spirits will be immediately received by Him in Paradise.
The Hades in the Luke story, where the rich man resides, still remains and is receiving the spirits of those who die outside of Christ. Their final destination is the Lake of Fire after the Great White Throne Judgment sentencing.
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Albion
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It's true that hell was something else to the people of the OT, just as was their concept of many other things we Christians now believe after the Lord came, taught, died for the sins of mankind, rose again, promised the same for us, and started his church.
The OT concept of hell would be all right today EXCEPT for the New Testament which puts that subject in a new light which we may not ignore.
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No, I am talking about the origin of the word, not the translation of the King James Version, which is Modern English.
Hel is an Old English word for the abode of the dead.
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HADES in Greek Simply means UNSEEN REALM
it is the verb for SEE with a negating Alpha at the beginning
Unseen
The idea that Christ 'emptied' the 'good side' of Hades and brought the just OT Saints to heaven is sometimes called "The Harrowing of Hell"
Gehenna sometimes referred to a trash-dump outside town where refuse was burned
Tartarus was a Greek word for Torments
Apparently, in OT Times, Tartarus and Abraham's Bosom were both in HADES, divided by an impassable divide.
Sheol mainly meant grave, hole in the ground, and the Bible is ambiguous about dead people having no thoughts or not
Samuel was called up from Sheol and talked with King Saul, it was WRONG but REAL for him to be called up by Witch of Endor
The HELL you say!!
it is the verb for SEE with a negating Alpha at the beginning
Unseen
The idea that Christ 'emptied' the 'good side' of Hades and brought the just OT Saints to heaven is sometimes called "The Harrowing of Hell"
Gehenna sometimes referred to a trash-dump outside town where refuse was burned
Tartarus was a Greek word for Torments
Apparently, in OT Times, Tartarus and Abraham's Bosom were both in HADES, divided by an impassable divide.
Sheol mainly meant grave, hole in the ground, and the Bible is ambiguous about dead people having no thoughts or not
Samuel was called up from Sheol and talked with King Saul, it was WRONG but REAL for him to be called up by Witch of Endor
The HELL you say!!
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Is it? I thought that was old Norse and with a different meaning. Maybe you’re right.
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It is all Germanic, they may be similar for that reason.
My point is that 'Hell' has become the equivalence to 'Gehenna' in Christendom, when it may have been the equivalence to 'Hades' in Greek. As someone pointed out, the KJV interchangeably uses this word for both, which is confusing.
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Ge-henna literally means Valley of Hinnom (where Topheth was), the place where children were burned in the OT, and where trash and dung were burned outside Jerusalem in the first century. The significance of the term describes the nature of the future state of the wicked, they are like refuse thrown outside the holy city to be burned for eternity.
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Helle, that’s it, as in Grendel, féond on helle. Not clear if it means abode of the dead or place of evil, in the context.
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On the etymology point, words evolve and change meaning so I guess that’s what happened there. As to why, I don’t know.
As for the question of what hell actually represents it could be various things including the realm which we are currently inhabiting or even a state of mind.
As for the question of what hell actually represents it could be various things including the realm which we are currently inhabiting or even a state of mind.
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Very good, but I'd point out as well that the Greeks already knew in their pagan mythology of Tartarus as the place created to hold the first-generation Titan gods captive. Like Sheol was a Hebrew concept that worked to describe the Christian concept, Tartarus was a Greek concept that worked to describe a permanent prison for vile spirits.
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Yes, the KJV does unfortunately translate to the same English word for both. More modern translations will use "hellfire" as the translation for Gehenna where it appears. When you examine the contexts of the instances of Hades and compare them with the contexts of Gehenna, you see that Hades appears in the context of "temporary holding place for the dead" and Gehenna appears in the context of destruction.
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renniks
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The actual descriptions Jesus gives for hell vary a bit. A place outside of the wedding feast, a dark place, or a firely place or a place where the worm doesn’t die. A junk heap where fire always smokes and smolders. I think the most disturbing picture, if you really think about it, is that God is inside with the folks at the feast and you are outside, out of his presence..
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Not according all of the ECF who quoted/referred to the story of Lazarus and the rich man.
• Irenaeus Against Heresies Book II Chapter XXXIV.-Souls Can Be Recognised in the Separate State, and are Immortal Although They Once Had a Beginning.
Ireneaeus, [120-202 AD], was a student of Polycarp, who was a student of John.
1. The Lord has taught with very great fulness, that souls not only continue to exist, not by passing from body to body, but that they preserve the same form [in their separate state] as the body had to which they were adapted, and that they remember the deeds which they did in this state of existence, and from which they have now ceased,-in that narrative which is recorded respecting the rich man and that Lazarus who found repose in the bosom of Abraham. In this account He states that Dives [=Latin for rich] knew Lazarus after death, and Abraham in like manner, and that each one of these persons continued in his own proper position , and that [Dives] requested Lazarus to be sent to relieve him-[Lazarus], on whom he did not [formerly] bestow even the crumbs [which fell] from his table.
ANF01. The Apostolic Fathers with Justin Martyr and Irenaeus | Christian Classics Ethereal Library
• Clement of Alexandria [A.D. 153-193-217] The Instructor [Paedagogus] Book 1
On the Resurrection
This was the day. “And a certain poor man named Lazarus was laid at the rich man’s gate, full of sores, desiring to be filled with the crumbs which fell from the rich man’s table.” This is the grass. Well, the rich man was punished in Hades, being made partaker of the fire; while the other flourished again in the Father’s bosom.
• Tertullian A Treatise On The Soul [A.D. 145-220.]
In hell the soul of a certain man is in torment, punished in flames, suffering excruciating thirst, and imploring from the finger of a happier soul, for his tongue, the solace of a drop of water. Do you suppose that this end of the blessed poor man and the miserable rich man is only imaginary? Then why the name of Lazarus in this narrative, if the circumstance is not in (the category of) a real occurrence? But even if it is to be regarded as imaginary, it will still be a testimony to truth and reality . For unless the soul possessed corporeality, the image of a soul could not possibly contain a finger of a bodily substance; nor would the Scripture feign a statement about the limbs of a body, if these had no existence.
• Tertullian Part First A Treatise On The Soul Chapter 57
9. Moreover, the fact that Hades is not in any case opened for (the escape of) any soul , has been firmly established by the Lord in the person of Abraham, in His representation of the poor man at rest and the rich man in torment.
• The Epistles Of Cyprian [A.D. 200-258] Epistle 54 To Cornelius, Concerning Fortunatus And Felicissimus, Or Against The Heretics
Whence also that rich sinner who implores help from Lazarus, then laid in Abraham’s bosom, and established in a place of comfort, while he, writhing in torments, is consumed by the heats of burning flame, suffers most punishment of all parts of his body in his mouth and his tongue, because doubtless in his mouth and his tongue he had most sinned.
• Methodius Fragments On The History Of Jonah [A.D. 260-312]
But souls, being rational bodies, are arranged by the Maker and Father of all things into members which are visible to reason, having received this impression. Whence, also, in Hades, as in the case of Lazarus and the rich man, they are spoken of as having a tongue, and a finger, and the other members; not as though they had with them another invisible body, but that the souls themselves, naturally, when entirely stripped of their covering, are such according to their essence.
Ireneaeus, [120-202 AD], was a student of Polycarp, who was a student of John.
1. The Lord has taught with very great fulness, that souls not only continue to exist, not by passing from body to body, but that they preserve the same form [in their separate state] as the body had to which they were adapted, and that they remember the deeds which they did in this state of existence, and from which they have now ceased,-in that narrative which is recorded respecting the rich man and that Lazarus who found repose in the bosom of Abraham. In this account He states that Dives [=Latin for rich] knew Lazarus after death, and Abraham in like manner, and that each one of these persons continued in his own proper position , and that [Dives] requested Lazarus to be sent to relieve him-[Lazarus], on whom he did not [formerly] bestow even the crumbs [which fell] from his table.
ANF01. The Apostolic Fathers with Justin Martyr and Irenaeus | Christian Classics Ethereal Library
• Clement of Alexandria [A.D. 153-193-217] The Instructor [Paedagogus] Book 1
On the Resurrection
This was the day. “And a certain poor man named Lazarus was laid at the rich man’s gate, full of sores, desiring to be filled with the crumbs which fell from the rich man’s table.” This is the grass. Well, the rich man was punished in Hades, being made partaker of the fire; while the other flourished again in the Father’s bosom.
• Tertullian A Treatise On The Soul [A.D. 145-220.]
In hell the soul of a certain man is in torment, punished in flames, suffering excruciating thirst, and imploring from the finger of a happier soul, for his tongue, the solace of a drop of water. Do you suppose that this end of the blessed poor man and the miserable rich man is only imaginary? Then why the name of Lazarus in this narrative, if the circumstance is not in (the category of) a real occurrence? But even if it is to be regarded as imaginary, it will still be a testimony to truth and reality . For unless the soul possessed corporeality, the image of a soul could not possibly contain a finger of a bodily substance; nor would the Scripture feign a statement about the limbs of a body, if these had no existence.
• Tertullian Part First A Treatise On The Soul Chapter 57
9. Moreover, the fact that Hades is not in any case opened for (the escape of) any soul , has been firmly established by the Lord in the person of Abraham, in His representation of the poor man at rest and the rich man in torment.
• The Epistles Of Cyprian [A.D. 200-258] Epistle 54 To Cornelius, Concerning Fortunatus And Felicissimus, Or Against The Heretics
Whence also that rich sinner who implores help from Lazarus, then laid in Abraham’s bosom, and established in a place of comfort, while he, writhing in torments, is consumed by the heats of burning flame, suffers most punishment of all parts of his body in his mouth and his tongue, because doubtless in his mouth and his tongue he had most sinned.
• Methodius Fragments On The History Of Jonah [A.D. 260-312]
But souls, being rational bodies, are arranged by the Maker and Father of all things into members which are visible to reason, having received this impression. Whence, also, in Hades, as in the case of Lazarus and the rich man, they are spoken of as having a tongue, and a finger, and the other members; not as though they had with them another invisible body, but that the souls themselves, naturally, when entirely stripped of their covering, are such according to their essence.
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…..According to three irrefutable Jewish sources; the Jewish Encyclopedia, Encyclopedia Judaica and the Talmud, quoted below, among the Jews in Israel before and during the time of Jesus there was a belief in a place of everlasting torment of the wicked and they called it both sheol and gehinnom.
…..Clarification: There were different groups within Judaism; Sadducees, Pharisees, Essenes etc. and there were different beliefs about resurrection, hell etc. That there were other beliefs does not rebut, refute, change or disprove anything in this post.
…..Concerning “punishment” one early church father wrote,
…..Clarification: There were different groups within Judaism; Sadducees, Pharisees, Essenes etc. and there were different beliefs about resurrection, hell etc. That there were other beliefs does not rebut, refute, change or disprove anything in this post.
Jewish Encyclopedia, Gehenna
The place where children were sacrificed to the god Moloch … in the "valley of the son of Hinnom," to the south of Jerusalem (Josh. xv. 8, passim; II Kings xxiii. 10; Jer. ii. 23; vii. 31-32; xix. 6, 13-14). … the valley was deemed to be accursed, and "Gehenna" therefore soon became a figurative equivalent for "hell." Hell, like paradise, was created by God (Sotah 22a);
[Note, this is according to the ancient Jews, long before the Christian era, NOT supposed bias of Christian translators. DA]The place where children were sacrificed to the god Moloch … in the "valley of the son of Hinnom," to the south of Jerusalem (Josh. xv. 8, passim; II Kings xxiii. 10; Jer. ii. 23; vii. 31-32; xix. 6, 13-14). … the valley was deemed to be accursed, and "Gehenna" therefore soon became a figurative equivalent for "hell." Hell, like paradise, was created by God (Sotah 22a);
(I)n general …sinners go to hell immediately after their death. The famous teacher Johanan b. Zakkai wept before his death because he did not know whether he would go to paradise or to hell (Ber. 28b). The pious go to paradise, and sinners to hell(B.M. 83b).
But as regards the heretics, etc., and Jeroboam, Nebat's son, hell shall pass away, but they shall not pass away" (R. H. 17a; comp. Shab. 33b). All that descend into Gehenna shall come up again, with the exception of three classes of men: those who have committed adultery, or shamed their neighbors, or vilified them (B. M. 58b).[/i]
… heretics and the Roman oppressors go to Gehenna, and the same fate awaits the Persians, the oppressors of the Babylonian Jews (Ber. 8b). When Nebuchadnezzar descended into hell, [ שׁאול /Sheol]] all its inhabitants were afraid that he was coming to rule over them (Shab. 149a; comp. Isa. xiv. 9-10). The Book of Enoch [x. 6, xci. 9, etal] also says that it is chiefly the heathen who are to be cast into the fiery pool on the Day of Judgment (x. 6, xci. 9, et al). "The Lord, the Almighty, will punish them on the Day of Judgment by putting fire and worms into their flesh, so that they cry out with pain unto all eternity" (Judith xvi. 17). The sinners in Gehenna will be filled with pain when God puts back the souls into the dead bodies on the Day of Judgment, according toIsa. xxxiii. 11 (Sanh. 108b).
Link: Jewish Encyclopedia Online
Note, scripture references are highlighted in blue.
=================
Encyclopedia Judaica:
Gehinnom (Heb. גֵּי בֶן־הִנֹּם, גֵּי בְנֵי הִנֹּם, גֵּיא בֶן־הִנֹּם, גֵּיא הִנֹּם; Gr. Γέεννα; "Valley of Ben-Hinnom, Valley of [the Son (s) of] Hinnom," Gehenna), a valley south of Jerusalem on one of the borders between the territories of Judah and Benjamin, between the Valley of *Rephaim and *En-Rogel (Josh. 15:8; 18:16). It is identified with Wadi er-Rababi.
…..During the time of the Monarchy, Gehinnom, at a place called Topheth, was the site of a cult which involved the burning of children (II Kings 23:10; Jer. 7:31; 32:35 et al. ; ). Jeremiah repeatedly condemned this cult and predicted that on its account Topheth and the Valley of the Son of Hinnom would be called the Valley of the "Slaughter" (Jer. 19:5–6).
In Judaism the name Gehinnom is generally used as an appellation of the place of torment reserved for the wicked after death. The New Testament used the Greek form Gehenna in the same sense.
Gehinnom
= = = = = = = = = = =
Talmud -Tractate Rosh Hashanah Chapter 1.
The school of Hillel says: . . . but as for Minim, [followers of Jesus] informers and disbelievers, who deny the Torah, or Resurrection, or separate themselves from the congregation, or who inspire their fellowmen with dread of them, or who sin and cause others to sin, as did Jeroboam the son of Nebat and his followers, they all descend to Gehenna, and are judged there from generation to generation, as it is said [Isa. lxvi. 24]: "And they shall go forth and look upon the carcases of the men who have transgressed against Me; for their worm shall not die, neither shall their fire be quenched." Even when Gehenna will be destroyed, they will not be consumed, as it is written[Psalms, xlix. 15]: "And their forms wasteth away in the nether world," which the sages comment upon to mean that their forms shall endure even when the grave is no more. Concerning them Hannah says [I Sam. ii. 10]: "The adversaries of the Lord shall be broken to pieces."
Link: Tract Rosh Hashana: Chapter I.
When Jesus taught about e.g.,But as regards the heretics, etc., and Jeroboam, Nebat's son, hell shall pass away, but they shall not pass away" (R. H. 17a; comp. Shab. 33b). All that descend into Gehenna shall come up again, with the exception of three classes of men: those who have committed adultery, or shamed their neighbors, or vilified them (B. M. 58b).[/i]
… heretics and the Roman oppressors go to Gehenna, and the same fate awaits the Persians, the oppressors of the Babylonian Jews (Ber. 8b). When Nebuchadnezzar descended into hell, [ שׁאול /Sheol]] all its inhabitants were afraid that he was coming to rule over them (Shab. 149a; comp. Isa. xiv. 9-10). The Book of Enoch [x. 6, xci. 9, etal] also says that it is chiefly the heathen who are to be cast into the fiery pool on the Day of Judgment (x. 6, xci. 9, et al). "The Lord, the Almighty, will punish them on the Day of Judgment by putting fire and worms into their flesh, so that they cry out with pain unto all eternity" (Judith xvi. 17). The sinners in Gehenna will be filled with pain when God puts back the souls into the dead bodies on the Day of Judgment, according toIsa. xxxiii. 11 (Sanh. 108b).
Link: Jewish Encyclopedia Online
Note, scripture references are highlighted in blue.
=================
Encyclopedia Judaica:
Gehinnom (Heb. גֵּי בֶן־הִנֹּם, גֵּי בְנֵי הִנֹּם, גֵּיא בֶן־הִנֹּם, גֵּיא הִנֹּם; Gr. Γέεννα; "Valley of Ben-Hinnom, Valley of [the Son (s) of] Hinnom," Gehenna), a valley south of Jerusalem on one of the borders between the territories of Judah and Benjamin, between the Valley of *Rephaim and *En-Rogel (Josh. 15:8; 18:16). It is identified with Wadi er-Rababi.
…..During the time of the Monarchy, Gehinnom, at a place called Topheth, was the site of a cult which involved the burning of children (II Kings 23:10; Jer. 7:31; 32:35 et al. ; ). Jeremiah repeatedly condemned this cult and predicted that on its account Topheth and the Valley of the Son of Hinnom would be called the Valley of the "Slaughter" (Jer. 19:5–6).
In Judaism the name Gehinnom is generally used as an appellation of the place of torment reserved for the wicked after death. The New Testament used the Greek form Gehenna in the same sense.
Gehinnom
= = = = = = = = = = =
Talmud -Tractate Rosh Hashanah Chapter 1.
The school of Hillel says: . . . but as for Minim, [followers of Jesus] informers and disbelievers, who deny the Torah, or Resurrection, or separate themselves from the congregation, or who inspire their fellowmen with dread of them, or who sin and cause others to sin, as did Jeroboam the son of Nebat and his followers, they all descend to Gehenna, and are judged there from generation to generation, as it is said [Isa. lxvi. 24]: "And they shall go forth and look upon the carcases of the men who have transgressed against Me; for their worm shall not die, neither shall their fire be quenched." Even when Gehenna will be destroyed, they will not be consumed, as it is written[Psalms, xlix. 15]: "And their forms wasteth away in the nether world," which the sages comment upon to mean that their forms shall endure even when the grave is no more. Concerning them Hannah says [I Sam. ii. 10]: "The adversaries of the Lord shall be broken to pieces."
Link: Tract Rosh Hashana: Chapter I.
• “Depart from me, ye cursed, into everlasting fire, prepared for the devil and his angels:” Matthew 25:41
• "these shall go away into eternal punishment, Matthew 25:46"
• "the fire of hell where the fire is not quenched and the worm does not die, Mark 9:43-48"
• "cast into a fiery furnace where there will be wailing and gnashing of teeth,” Matthew 13:42, Matthew 13:50
• “But whoso shall offend one of these little ones which believe in me, it were better for him that a millstone were hanged about his neck, and that he were drowned in the depth of the sea.” Matthew 18:6
• “And then will I profess unto them, I never knew you: depart from me, ye that work iniquity.” Matthew 7:23
• “woe unto that man by whom the Son of man is betrayed! it had been good for that man if he had not been born. ” Matthew 26:24
• “But I say unto you, that it shall be more tolerable in that day for Sodom, than for that city.” Luke 10:12
These teachings tacitly reaffirmed and sanctioned a then existing significant Jewish view of eternal hell, outlined above. In Matt. 18:6, 26:24 and Luk 10:12, see above, Jesus teaches that there is a punishment worse than death or nonexistence. A punishment worse than death without mercy is also mentioned in Hebrews 10:28-31.• "these shall go away into eternal punishment, Matthew 25:46"
• "the fire of hell where the fire is not quenched and the worm does not die, Mark 9:43-48"
• "cast into a fiery furnace where there will be wailing and gnashing of teeth,” Matthew 13:42, Matthew 13:50
• “But whoso shall offend one of these little ones which believe in me, it were better for him that a millstone were hanged about his neck, and that he were drowned in the depth of the sea.” Matthew 18:6
• “And then will I profess unto them, I never knew you: depart from me, ye that work iniquity.” Matthew 7:23
• “woe unto that man by whom the Son of man is betrayed! it had been good for that man if he had not been born. ” Matthew 26:24
• “But I say unto you, that it shall be more tolerable in that day for Sodom, than for that city.” Luke 10:12
Heb 10:28 He that despised Moses' law died without mercy under two or three witnesses:
29 Of how much sorer punishment, suppose ye, shall he be thought worthy, who hath trodden under foot the Son of God, and hath counted the blood of the covenant, wherewith he was sanctified, an unholy thing, and hath done despite unto the Spirit of grace?
30 For we know him that hath said, Vengeance belongeth unto me, I will recompense, saith the Lord. And again, The Lord shall judge his people.
31 It is a fearful thing to fall into the hands of the living God.
Jesus is quoted as using the word death 17 times in the gospels, if He wanted to say eternal death in Matt 25:46, that is what He would have said but He didn’t, He said “eternal punishment.” The Sadducees did not believe in the resurrection, they knew that everybody died; rich, poor, young, old, good, bad, men, women, children, infants and knew that it had nothing to do with punishment and was permanent. When Jesus taught “eternal punishment” they would not have understood it as merely death, it would have meant something worse to them.29 Of how much sorer punishment, suppose ye, shall he be thought worthy, who hath trodden under foot the Son of God, and hath counted the blood of the covenant, wherewith he was sanctified, an unholy thing, and hath done despite unto the Spirit of grace?
30 For we know him that hath said, Vengeance belongeth unto me, I will recompense, saith the Lord. And again, The Lord shall judge his people.
31 It is a fearful thing to fall into the hands of the living God.
…..Concerning “punishment” one early church father wrote,
“‘Then these reap no advantage from their punishment, as it seems: moreover, I would say that they are not punished unless they are conscious of the punishment.” Justin Martyr [A.D. 110-165.] Dialogue with Trypho Chapter 4
…..Jesus undoubtedly knew what the Jews, believed about hell. If the Jews were wrong, why would Jesus teach “eternal punishment,” etc. to Jews who believed, "The Lord, the Almighty, will punish them on the Day of Judgment by putting fire and worms into their flesh, so that they cry out with pain unto all eternity," which only reinforced those beliefs.
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The traditional explanation that a burning rubbish heap in the Valley of Hinnom south of Jerusalem gave rise to the idea of a fiery Gehenna of judgment is attributed to Rabbi David Kimhi's commentary on Psalm 27:13 (ca. A.D. 1200). He maintained that in this loathsome valley fires were kept burning perpetually to consume the filth and cadavers thrown into it. However, Strack and Billerbeck state that there is neither archaeological nor literary evidence in support of this claim, in either the earlier intertestamental or the later rabbinic sources (Hermann L. Strack and Paul Billerbeck, Kommentar zum Neuen Testament aus Talmud and Midrasch, 5 vols. [Munich: Beck, 1922-56], 4:2:1030). Also a more recent author holds a similar view (Lloyd R. Bailey, "Gehenna: The Topography of Hell," Biblical Archeologist 49 [1986]: 189.
Source, Bibliotheca Sacra / July–September 1992
Scharen: Gehenna in the Synoptics Pt. 1
Note there is no “archaeological nor literary evidence in support of this claim, [that Gehenna was ever used as a garbage dump] in either the earlier intertestamental or the later rabbinic sources” If Gehenna was ever used as a garbage dump there should be broken pottery, tools, utensils, bones, etc. but there is no such evidence.Source, Bibliotheca Sacra / July–September 1992
Scharen: Gehenna in the Synoptics Pt. 1
“Gehenna is presented as diametrically opposed to ‘life’: it is better to enter life than to go to Gehenna. . .It is common practice, both in scholarly and less technical works, to associate the description of Gehenna with the supposedly contemporary garbage dump in the valley of Hinnom. This association often leads scholars to emphasize the destructive aspects of the judgment here depicted: fire burns until the object is completely consumed. Two particular problems may be noted in connection with this approach. First, there is no convincing evidence in the primary sources for the existence of a fiery rubbish dump in this location (in any case, a thorough investigation would be appreciated). Secondly, the significant background to this passage more probably lies in Jesus’ allusion to Isaiah 66:24.”
(“The Duration of Divine Judgment in the New Testament” in The Reader Must Understand edited by K. Brower and M. W. Ellion, p. 223, emphasis mine)
G. R. Beasley-Murray in Jesus and the Kingdom of God:
“Ge-Hinnom (Aramaic Ge-hinnam, hence the Greek Geenna), ‘The Valley of Hinnom,’ lay south of Jerusalem, immediately outside its walls. The notion, still referred to by some commentators, that the city’s rubbish was burned in this valley, has no further basis than a statement by the Jewish scholar Kimchi (sic) made about A.D. 1200; it is not attested in any ancient source.” (p. 376n.92)
The Burning Garbage Dump of Gehenna is a myth - Archaeology, Biblical History & Textual Criticism
(“The Duration of Divine Judgment in the New Testament” in The Reader Must Understand edited by K. Brower and M. W. Ellion, p. 223, emphasis mine)
G. R. Beasley-Murray in Jesus and the Kingdom of God:
“Ge-Hinnom (Aramaic Ge-hinnam, hence the Greek Geenna), ‘The Valley of Hinnom,’ lay south of Jerusalem, immediately outside its walls. The notion, still referred to by some commentators, that the city’s rubbish was burned in this valley, has no further basis than a statement by the Jewish scholar Kimchi (sic) made about A.D. 1200; it is not attested in any ancient source.” (p. 376n.92)
The Burning Garbage Dump of Gehenna is a myth - Archaeology, Biblical History & Textual Criticism
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