Malthusianism is the idea that
population growth is potentially exponential while the growth of the food supply is linear. It derives from the political and economic thought of the Reverend
Thomas Robert Malthus, as laid out in his 1798 writings,
An Essay on the Principle of Population. Malthus believed there were two types of "checks" that in all times and places kept population growth in line with the growth of the food supply: "preventive checks", such as moral restraints (
abstinence,
delayed marriage until finances become balanced), and restricting marriage against persons suffering poverty or perceived as defective, and "positive checks", which lead to premature death such as disease, starvation and war, resulting in what is called a
Malthusian catastrophe. The catastrophe would return population to a lower, more "sustainable", level.
[1][2] Malthusianism has been linked to a variety of political and social movements, but almost always refers to advocates of population control.
[3]
Neo-Malthusianism is the advocacy of
population control programs to ensure resources for current and future populations.
[2] In Britain the term 'Malthusian' can also refer more specifically to arguments made in favour of preventive birth control, hence organizations such as the
Malthusian League.
[4] Neo-Malthusians differ from Malthus's theories mainly in their enthusiasm for
contraception. Malthus, a devout Christian, believed that "self-control" (abstinence) was preferable to artificial birth control. In some editions of his essay, Malthus did allow that abstinence was unlikely to be effective on a wide scale, thus advocating the use of artificial means of birth control as a solution to population "pressure".
[5] Modern "neo-Malthusians" are generally more concerned than Malthus with environmental degradation and catastrophic famine than with poverty.