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Liberal sources are no sources at all.Meanwhile I decided to a little homework, this is the work of a person that does have a PhD in the field:
Science Then: The Bible vs. The Greeks Edition • Richard Carrier
He is an authority and he sites other authorities on the verse in the OP:
"First, the Bible. Isaiah 40:22 does not say the earth is a sphere. It says it is a circle. Which is flat. The word for circle is chuwg (Job 22:14 and 26:10; Proverbs 8:27). The word for sphere is duwr (Isaiah 22:18). The latter can also mean circle. But the former never means sphere. It refers to walking around a thing (a two-dimensional activity). The word for ball, instead, derives from heaping things up, from huts to garbage piles (a three-dimensional activity). Even Greek translations by ancient Rabbinical experts used gyron, “circle,” rather than sphaira, “sphere,” so even they understood this to mean circle and not sphere. So, in fact, Isaiah 40:22 says the earth is a flat disk. Like every other culture thought at the time. Babinski’s chapter cited above goes into more detail comparing the ancient Hebrew cosmology of the structure of earth and heavens throughout the Bible, well establishing it was the same primitive model adopted by everyone else of the time, not some fancy new scientific one."
Please note the Rabbinical scholars that translated Isaiah from Hebrew to Greek used the Greek word for circle and not for sphere, and the Greeks did have two clear words. The OP's own sources when referring to the Hebrew said that chuwg is an inscribed circle, not just the one that I presented earlier. That is always flat.
Last the OP still have not presented any evidence for this vast atheist conspiracy that began 200 years ago. Considering that the number of atheists at that time was very small I have just a little problem believing this on just his say so.
First, we already been through duwr and you want to pretend it means globe. A ball is not a globe nor does the context have anything to do with God's creation of the earth. But each time chuwg is used its used in direct context with God's creation of earth and His dominion thereof. So duwr is no more contextually sound to apply in Isaiah 40:22 than there being applied to a sentence that grammatically calls for their. So your entire argument is based on the vague assumption that Isaiah should use a word that would be a grammar error to contemporary Jews reading him.
Secondly, Isa.40:22 in the LXX does not use the middle French and Germanic word gyron.
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gyron
For Isaiah 40:22 in the LXX the word used is gyros, for Pro.8:27 its gyro. This word is also gyre.
Here are Greek definitions of gyros, gyro, gyre.
This link list all related words of gyro and it doesn't look good if you're a flat earth fan looking to spread atheist lies on the internet. Better to just give up on atheism.
gyro (rotating mechanism) - Memidex dictionary/thesaurus
Still don't look good for atheist propaganda
γύρος - Wiktionary
Gyre is another for of gyros and the Latin gyrus.
the definition of gyre
More on Gyre
gyre | Origin and meaning of gyre by Online Etymology Dictionary
Of course, the Romans copied everything the Greeks did so their language emulated Greek meanings.
Proverbs 8:27 from Latin Vulgate:
"quando praeparabat caelos aderam quando certa lege et gyro vallabat abyssos."
Word: gyro
Latin Definition of gyro
https://www.wordhippo.com/what-is/t...qoEuV-5AamhFrD5urdpvAmjhvETguk1pQ7sYuuQZ5-k9s
Isaiah 40:22 from Latin Vulgate:
Word: gyrus
Latin Definition of gyrus
https://www.wordhippo.com/what-is/t...jvQHlv71wa8Egb4VPQlMbipbLwGV-MKe7RlhCzk3eNH5c
Phrase: gyrus terrarum
Latin definition of gyrus terrarum
https://www.wordhippo.com/what-is/d...3RbUZVfP-yNmYYCcvqVnsanLs9XstGJLMcyeDJrCbKldM
"globe of the earth"!!
Gesenius' Hebrew-Chaldee Lexicon, H2329: "חוּג m. a circle, sphere, used of the arch or vault of the sky, Pro.8:27; Job 22:14; of the world, Isa.40:22."
Here is 4th century Bishop Ambrose giving a reading from Isaiah 40:22.
"And further on: 'Who sitteth upon the globe of the earth, and the inhabitants thereof are as locusts, who stretcheth out the heavens as an arch?' Who, then, ventures to put his knowledge in the same plane with that of God?” (St.Ambrose, "Hexameron" The Fathers Of The Church series translated by John J. Savage, p.231).
The Douay-Rheims Bible is an English translation of Jerome's Latin Vulgate:
"It is he that sitteth upon the globe of the earth, and the inhabitants thereof are as locusts: he that stretcheth out the heavens as nothing, and spreadeth them out as a tent to dwell in" (Douay-Rheims Bible).
The English "circle" is meant to be understood as a 3D circle as seen from space. Prophecy is not cultural...its Divine.
So here you fake source is REFUTED!
Here's a bonus for you.
Clement of Alexandria (150-215 A.D.)
Clement was a 2nd century church father. The following is taken from his writing called The Instructor, which I’m citing from the very last page of Book III entitled To The Paedagous:
“And when the seasons, in their circling course,
Winter and summer, spring and autumn, each
Should come, according to well-ordered plan;
Out of a confused heap who didst create
This ordered sphere, and from the shapeless mass
Of matter didst the universe adorn;--
Grant to me life, and be that life well spent,
Thy grace enjoying; let me act and speak
In all things as Thy Holy Scriptures teach”
(Ante-Nicene Christian Library, Vol.1).
And the Holy Scriptures taught Clement about the sphere of the earth and the circular course (rotation) of the 4 seasons
Origen (185-254 A.D.)
Origen of Alexandria was born in the 2nd century but his ministry would make him a 3rd century man. He is an Ante-Nicene church father who wrote On First Principles, which is the very first book on Theology ever written by a Christian. The following quotation is taken from the John C. Cavadini edition.
“Certainly what some say of this world, that it is corruptible because it was made, and yet does not go to corruption because the will of God, who made it and preserves it from being mastered by corruption, is stronger and more powerful than corruption, may more rightly be believed of that world which we have above called a “fixed” sphere, because by the will of God it is in no way “subject to corruption” (cf.Rom 8:20, 21), for the reason that it has not admitted the causes of corruption" (On First Principles, Book II, Chapter III, p.113).
Origen continues:
". . . . and the entire condition of the world we know, in which the spheres of the planets are said to be, is left behind and superseded, there exists above that sphere which is called "fixed" an abiding place for the pious and blessed, in as it were a "good land" and a "land of the living," which the "meek" and gentle will receive for an inheritance. To this land or earth belongs that heaven which, with its more magnificent circuit, surrounds and confines it, and this is the true heaven and the first to be so called" (On First Principles, Book II, Chapter III, p.114).
The spheres of the planets is a clear reference that Origen's reading of Scripture revealed that our earth is a sphere.
Clement of Rome (A.D, 35 - 99).
Clement of Rome is the first early church father who would become a successor to the Apostles. He was consecrated by the Apostle Peter and mentioned favorably by the Apostle Paul in Philippians 4:3,
"And I urge you also, true companion, help these women who labored with me in the gospel, with Clement also, and the rest of my fellow workers, whose names are in the Book of Life."
Clement's name is written in the Book of Life. Clement is believed by some scholars to have been the author of the Book of Hebrews based on the grammatical style. While this is uncertain, what is certain is that Clement gives us clear insight to what 1st century Christians believed.
Clement affirms the Scriptural teaching of the round world. All quotations are taken from The Ancient Christian Writers series Vol.1. His Epistle To The Corinthians was written in 97 A.D. which is only one or two years after the Apostle John penned Revelation!
“Thus, by His transcendent might He established the heavens, and by His incomprehensible understanding He ordered them: the earth He separated from the water now encircling it, and firmly grounded it on the unshakable foundation of His own will” (33:3).
The next quote comes from chapter 20 and here Clement clearly states the earth rotates:
"Day and night complete the revolution ordained by Him, and neither interferes in the least with the other" (20: 2).
He's obviously reading Job 26:10; 38:14.
Moreover, Clement was a believer in what was called antipodes -- people of opposite earth, who's feet walk opposite to ours.
“The ocean, impassable for men, and the worlds beyond it are governed by the same decrees of the Master” (20:8).
What Clement is saying here is that the earth is a sphere and the other side of the earth is peopled.
Origen (185-254 A.D.) explains Clement's comment:
“Clement indeed, a disciple of the apostles, mentions those whom the Greeks call “people of the opposite earth,” and speaks of other parts of the world which none of our people can reach, nor can any of those who live there cross over to us; and these parts themselves he called “worlds,” when he says, “The ocean is impassable to men, and the worlds beyond it are governed by the same ordinances of God the Ruler” (On First Principles, Chapter III verse 6).
Clement is reading oikouménē from Greek manuscripts which is how he arrives to the antipode conclusion. For there is no oikouménē without antipodes and you don't get antipodes on a flat earth!!
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