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The Online Etymology Dictionary has articles on all three words. Basically, they all developed locally and well and truly predate international naming conventions and the concept of Meteorological Bureaux. (OED entries can often be ‘opened up’ to see more detail by clicking on the entry word).
Cyclone was invented in 1848 by a British East India chappie as a name for a particularly vicious storm in India in 1789. He based the word on a Latinised form of a Greek word meaning ‘moving in a circle’ (think 'cycle', 'cyclic').
Typhoon is from an Arabic word passed on to Portuguese sailors by their Arab pilots in the mid-16th century. It comes from the Arabic tufan which, in turn, may have earlier Greek origins. There’s also a possible link to the Cantonese tai fung (big wind). Al-tufan is the term used in the Koran for Noah’s Flood.
Hurricane. A Spanish rendering of a West Indian word for sea storm, from the 1550s. Originally something like furacan. The word went through numerous spelling iterations before settling down to its modern form. Used by Shakespeare as hurricano in a couple of his plays.
OB
Interesting...thank you.
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