The 7th Day Sabbath, is not Lunar-cy, being mow`edness, I tell you, mow`edness!!!

Cassius Dio (AD 155 – AD 235)

Dio's Roman History III

Dio's Roman History with an English Translation by Earnest Cary, Ph.D. on the basis of the version of Herbert Baldwin Foster, Ph.D. In Nine Volumes, III; London: William Heinemann; New York: The Macmillan CO. MCMXIV [1914].

Battle of c. 63 BC


"... [Page 142-144; Internally Page 125-127] Most of the city, to be sure, he took without any trouble, as he was received by the party of Hyrcanus; but the temple itself, which the other party had occupied, he captured only with difficulty. For it was on high ground and was fortified by a wall of its own, and if they had continued defending it on all days alike, he could not have got possession of it. As it was, they made an exception of what are called the days of Saturn, and by doing [Page 142-144; Internally Page 125-127; Greek text is inbetween; Page 126] no work at all on those days afforded the Romans an opportunity in this interval to batter down the wall. The latter, on learning of this superstitious awe of theirs, made no serious attempts the rest of the time, but on those days, when they came round in succession, assaulted most vigorously. Thus the defenders were captured on the day of Saturn, without making any defence, and all the wealth was plundered. The kingdom was given to Hyrcanus, and Aristobulus was carried away.

This was the course of events at that time in Palestine; for this is the name that has been given from of old to the whole country extending from Phoenicia to Egypt along the inner sea. They have also another name that they have acquired: the country has been named Judaea, and the people themselves Jews. I do not know how this title came to be given them, but it applies also to all the rest of mankind, although of alien race, who affect their customs. This class exists even among the Romans, and though often repressed has increased to a very great extent and has won its way to the right of freedom in its observances. They are distinguished from the rest of mankind in practically every detail of life, and especially by the fact that they do not honour any of the usual gods, but show extreme reverence for one particular divinity. They never had any statue of him even in Jerusalem itself, but believing him to be unnamable and invisible, they worship him in the most extravagant fashion on earth. They built to him a temple [Page 143-145; Internally Page 127-129; Greek text on Page 128] that was extremely large and beautiful, except in so far as it was open and roofless, 1 and likewise dedicated to him the day called the day of Saturn, on which, among many other most peculiar observances, they undertake no serious occupation. ..." [Pages 142-145; Internally Pages 125-129; Greek text is inbetween; Page 126,128] - https://archive.org/stream/L053Cassi.../n141/mode/1up

https://archive.org/stream/L053Cassi.../n143/mode/1up

https://archive.org/stream/L053Cassi...y+of+Saturn%22

 
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Dio's Roman History V
Dio's Roman History with an English Translation by Earnest Cary, Ph.D. on the basis of the version of Herbert Baldwin Foster, Ph.D. In Nine Volumes, V; London: William Heinemann LTD; Cambridge, Massachusetts Harvard University Press. MCMLV [1955].

Battle of c. 36 BC
"... [Page 398; Internally Page 387]The Jews, indeed, had done much injury to the Romans, for the race is very bitter when aroused to anger, but they suffered far more themselves. The first of them to be captured were those who were fighting for the precinct of their god, and then the rest on the day even then called the day of Saturn.1 And so excessive were they in their devotion to religion that the first set of prisoners, those who had been captured along with the temple, obtained leave from Sosius, when the day of Saturn came round again, and went up into the temple and there performed all the customary rites, together with the rest of the people. These people Antony entrusted to a certain Herod to govern ..." [Page 398; Internally Page 387] - https://archive.org/stream/L082Cassi.../n398/mode/1up
Dio's Roman History VIII
Dio's Roman History with an English Translation by Earnest Cary, Ph.D. on the basis of the version of Herbert Baldwin Foster, Ph.D. In Nine Volumes, VIII; London: William Heinemann; New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. MCMXXV [1925].

Destruction of Jerusalem; AD 70. [even up to the time of Cassius Dio]
"... [Page 281; Internally 271] Thus was Jerusalem destroyed on the very day of Saturn, the day which even now the Jews reverence most. From that time forth it was ordered that the Jews who continued to observe their ancestral customs should pay and annual tribute of two denarii to Jupiter Capitolinus. ..." [Page 281; Internally Page 271] - https://archive.org/stream/L176Cassi.../n280/mode/1up
 
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Publius (or Gaius) Cornelius Tacitus (AD 56 - after AD 117)
The Histories of Tacitus; Books III, IV, And V. with introduction and notes by A. D. Godley, M.A. Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford. London Macmillan and Co., Limited; New York: The Macmillan Company. 1907.

Historarium Lib. V. [Line 15 and onward]
"... [Page 148; Internally Page 127; IV. Line 15; Beginning 3rd Word] alii honorem eum Saturno haberi, seu principia religionis tradentibus Idaeis, quos cum Saturno pulsos et conditores gentis accepimus, seu quod de septem sideribus, quis res mortales reguntur altissimo orbe et praeceipua potentia stella Saturni feratur ac pleraque caelestium vim suam et cursus setptenos per numeros compleant. ..." [Page 148; Internally Page 127] - https://archive.org/stream/histories.../n148/mode/1up

"... [Page 290; Internally 269] Notes, V. Chap. 4. ... 17. Saturno: the Greeks and Romans had adopted the Egyptian custom of naming days after the planets, and the day of Saturn corresponded to the Jewish Sabbath. ..." [Page 290; Internally 269] - https://archive.org/stream/histories.../n290/mode/1up

English translation – Sourced - http://www.eliyah.com/lunarsabbath.html

“... They are said to have devoted the seventh day to rest, because that day brought an end to their troubles. Later, finding idleness alluring, they gave up the seventh year as well to sloth.

Others maintain that they do this in honor of Saturn; either because their religious principles are derived from the Idaei, who are supposed to have been driven out with Saturn and become the ancestors of the Jewish people; or else because, of the seven constellations which govern the lives of men, the star of Saturn moves in the topmost orbit and exercises peculiar influence, and also because most of the heavenly bodies move round their courses in multiples of seven. ...”
 
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The Jews, The Talmuds and Mishna, and Karaite Jews:

OK, Let us consider those sources, the Talmuds [Babylonian or Jerusalem] and Mishna, etc, in the light of the present subject and OP - the so-called Lunarian 'sabbath' cycles:

Talmud/Mishna:

"An objection was made: When New Year falls on a Sabbath, Beth Shammai say, ten benedictions are to be recited during the prayer and Beth Hillel say "only nine." ...

Said R. Zera: "With the benediction of the new moon it is different; because if the new moon fall on a Sabbath no separate benediction is made, but it is included in the Sabbath benediction at the morning and evening prayer; the benediction of the new moon is also mentioned in the Musaph-prayer in conjunction with the new year benediction." Babylonian Talmud; Tractate Eruvin; Chapter 3- http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/...d/eruvin3.html
In the Lunarian 'sabbath' system, it is not possible to have a “New Year” fall upon a “Sabbath” and neither is it possible to have a “New Moon” fall upon a “Sabbath” in that system. Thus according to these two quotations, the Jews were not utilizing a Lunarian 'sabbath' system [which is to say to count 7 from the New Moon, etc], but rather the 7 Day Cycle of God from Creation.

Lunarian 'sabbath' system:

[01]-----------------[02]----[03]---[04]----[05]---[06]----[07]----[08]
[New Moon Day] [1WD] [2WD] [3WD] [4WD] [5WD] [6WD] [7'Ls']


According to such a system, the “New Year” would always be “New Moon Day”, or if they counted from [1WD], neither would be their 'sabbath'. However, if a Lunarian did suggest that their “New Moon Day” was a 'sabbath' and could so be synonymous with that 'day', then there still would never be the possibility that that 'day' according to them, not be a 'sabbath', and thus the two quotations above, still in such a case, prove that Jews of the Talmud, etc were not using such a system, since they spoke of words of a specific day 'falling' upon the Sabbath. In the Lunarian system, they [New Year Day or New Moon] could not 'fall', it [1] either always would not be counted as a 'sabbath', or [2] always would be counted as a 'sabbath' depending upon which Lunarian one was speaking to.

This brings me to another point, in that the Lunarian explanations can never agree with another, and always cause division among their own exegetes. Further we see that the Lunarian 'week' of the New Month, is actually on an 8-24hr day cycle, and afterwards switches to a 7-24hr day cycle, that only continues as such, until it hits a month with 30 days in it, and then there is yet further extra time. This shall be demonstrated later in detail.


"... the Halakha, however, does not prevail with all that was said above. It remains as decreed by R. Joshua b. Levi: If the Day of Atonement happens to fall on a Sabbath day, mention of the Sabbath must be made even in the Neilah prayer (the last of the four different prayers of the Day of Atonement). Why so? Because the Sabbath and the Day of Atonement are now one, and four prayers are indispensable to the services of the day. ..." Babylonian Talmud; Tractate Shabbat; Chapter 2 - http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/.../shabbat2.html
The Day of Atonement in Scripture is always on the 10th Day of the 7th Month:
Leviticus 23:27 KJV – [27] Also on the tenth dayof this seventh month there shall be a day of atonement: it shall be an holy convocation unto you; and ye shall afflict your souls, and offer an offering made by fire unto the LORD.
In a Lunarian system, it is also not possible to have a “Day of Atonement” to “fall” “on a Sabbath”, for notice:
Lunarian 'sabbath' system:

[01]----------------[02]----[03]----[04]---[05]----[06]----[07]----[08]
[New Moon Day] [1WD] [2WD] [3WD] [4WD] [5WD] [6WD] [7'Ls']

[xx]-----------------[09]----[10]---[11]----[12]---[13]----[14]----[15]
[skip]-------------[1WD] [2WD] [3WD] [4WD] [5WD] [6WD] [7'Ls']


Also the 9th day of the same month at even unto even is also said to be “a sabbath”:

Leviticus 23:32 KJV – [32] It shall be unto you a sabbath of rest, and ye shall afflict your souls: in the ninth day of the month at even, from even unto even, shall ye celebrate your sabbath.
Again, not possible in a Lunarian 'sabbath' system.
"... R. Huna said: One who has been travelling in a desert and does not know what day is Sabbath, must count six days from the day (on which he realizes) that he has missed the Sabbath, and observe the seventh. Hyya b. Rabh said: He must observe that very day and then continue his counting from that day. And what is the point of their differing? The former holds that one must act in accordance with the creation (which commenced six days before the Sabbath), while the latter holds that one must be guided by Adam's creation (on the eve of Sabbath). An objection was made: "If a man while travelling in a desert forgot when the Sabbath arrives, he must count 'one day to six' and then observe the seventh. Does this not mean he must count six days and then observe the seventh?" Nay; it may be said that it means that very day, and continue his counting from that day. If this be the case, why are we taught "he must count one to six"? It should be taught (plainly) he must observe a day and continue counting from that day. Moreover, we were taught in a Boraitha: "If one while travelling in the desert forgot when the Sabbath arrives, he must count six days and observe the seventh." The objection to R. Hyya b. Rabh is sustained. ..." Babylonian Talmud; Tractate Shabbat; Chapter 7 - http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/.../shabbat7.html
This rather interesting example further demonstrates that the Jews were not using a Lunarian 'sabbath' cycle, for all R. Huna would have had to have said, was 'Look up and calculate the times by the moon, and so observe as best reckoned', or something to that effect. Yet he did not.
"... MISHNA: The bones, sinews, and other remaining parts must be burned on the 16th; and should that day fall on a Sabbath, they must be burned on the 17th, because the burning of these does not supersede the laws of the Sabbath or those of the festival. ..." Babylonian Talmud; Tractate Pesachim; Chapter 7 - http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/...pesachim7.html
In the Lunarian 'sabbath' system, it is not possible to have a Lunarian 'sabbath' “fall” upon “the 16th”.
Lunarian 'sabbath' system:

[01]-----------------[02]---[03]----[04]---[05]----[06]----[07]----[08]
[New Moon Day] [1WD] [2WD] [3WD] [4WD] [5WD] [6WD] [7'Ls']

[xx]-------------------[09]----[10]----[11]---[12]----[13]----[14]----[15]
[skip]----------------[1WD] [2WD] [3WD] [4WD] [5WD] [6WD] [7'Ls']

[xx]-------------------[16] …
[skip]----------------[1WD] …


Thus this quotation again demonstrates that the Jews were not using a Lunarian 'sabbath' system.

"... "Mishnah. A man may offer a meal-offering consisting of sixty tenths and bring them in one vessel if a man said, I take upon myself to offer sixty tenths, he may bring them in one vessel. But if he said, I take upon myself to offer sixty-one tenths, he must bring sixty in one vessel and the one in another vessel; for since the congregation bring on the first day of the feast of tabernacles when it falls on a Sabbath sixty-one tenths as a meal-offering, it is enough for an individual that his meal-offering be less by one tenth than that of the congregation. ..." Babylonian Talmud; Menachoth 103b - JCR - The Babylonian Talmud, Menachoth
In a Lunarian 'sabbath' system, the “first day of the feast of Tabernacles” would always be on the 15 which would be their 'sabbath', an therefore there would never be a time when the 15th was not their 'sabbath' and so it would be incongruous to use the words “when” and “fall”, revealing the obvious, that there were times that the “first day of the feast of Tabernacles” did not fall on a Sabbath, thus the language of “when” and “fall”, and thus disproving, once again, that the Jews were utilizing such a Lunarian 'sabbath' system.
Leviticus 23:34 KJV – [34] Speak unto the children of Israel, saying, The fifteenth day of this seventh month shall be the feast of tabernacles for seven days unto the LORD.

Leviticus 23:35 KJV – [35] On the first day shall be an holy convocation: ye shall do no servile work therein.
Lunarian 'sabbath' system:

[01]-----------------[02]----[03]---[04]---[05]----[06]----[07]----[08]
[New Moon Day] [1WD] [2WD] [3WD] [4WD] [5WD] [6WD] [7'Ls']

[xx]-------------------[09]----[10]----[11]---[12]----[13]----[14]----[15]
[skip]----------------[1WD] [2WD] [3WD] [4WD] [5WD] [6WD] [7'Ls']


In such a system, “when” could the “first day of the feast of Tabernacles”, not “fall” on the 15th? There never would be such a case in such a system, and thus no need to stipulate for a possibility would could never arise therein.

"Sabbath
The seventh day of the week (Shabbat), recalling the completion of the creation and the Exodus from Egypt. It is a day symbolic of new beginnings and one dedicated to God, a most holy day of rest. The commandment of rest is found in the Bible and has been elaborated by the rabbis. It is a special duty to study Torah on the Sabbath and to be joyful. Sabbaths near major festivals (see calendar) are known by special names." - Jewish Virtual Library; Glossary, "S" - "Sabbath" - Glossary - S | Jewish Virtual Library
 
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The Calendrical Scroll and the Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice - Dead Sea Scrolls, confirm the weekly 7th Day, and having nothing to do with the Lunar [moon] phases, please see those chronologies, and the various dates it has associated for the Sabbath - https://books.google.com/books?id=3L...327%29&f=false

Josephus speaking of the Essenes, says of them:
"... Moreover, they are stricter than any other of the Jews in resting from their labors on the seventh day; for they not only get their food ready the day before ..." Wars of the Jews; Book 2; Chapter 8; Section 9 - http://www.ccel.org/j/josephus/works/war-2.htm
Josephus also states about the Sabbath, this is confirmed in history as 'Saturday' [to be demonstrated in further replies]:
"... having withal erected four very large towers aforehand, that their darts might come from higher places, one at the north-east corner of the court, one above the Xystus, the third at another corner over against the lower city, and the last was erected above the top of the Pastophoria, where one of the priests stood of course, and gave a signal beforehand, with a trumpet (19) at the beginning of every seventh day, in the evening twilight, as also at the evening when that day was finished, as giving notice to the people when they were to leave off work, and when they were to go to work again. ..." - Wars of the Jews; Book 4; Chapter 9; Section 12 - http://www.ccel.org/j/josephus/works/war-4.htm
Here is a an excellent Rabbinic Jewish authoritative source [moreso than the Jewish Encyclopedia], let's consider the RamBam [Mosheh ben Maimon]:
""In order to honor the Sabbath one should, as a matter of religious duty, take a hot bath on Friday, get dressed in festive clothes, and sit in a dignified manner waiting to receive the Sabbath, just as if one were going to meet the king... One should set aside his table properly on Friday night, even if he feels the least need for food, and likewise at the end of the Sabbath, so as to honour the Sabbath at both its commencement and its termination..."" [RamBam on the Shabbat; YAD, SHABBATH 30:2-10]- SHABBAT
Here is another Jewish Rabinical authoritative source, the Mishnah Shabbat, speaking of preparation that goes on before Sabbath [which begins friday sundown]:
"3. A tailor shall not go out with his needle
when it is nearly dark on Friday, lest he
forget and go out (carrying it about with
him) after dark; nor a scribe with his pen;
nor shall one search for vermin in his
garments or read before the lamp-light
(Friday night). Of a verity it is said, an
instructor may follow the children when
they read, but he shall not read himself
(before the lamp-light). In a similar manner
it is said that one afflicted with gonorrhoea
should not eat from the same plate with a
woman that has the same disease, lest they
become accustomed to one another and
come to sin. ...

...5. The Beth Shammai said: Ink, dye
material, or fodder (for animals) shall not be
put into water (on Friday) unless there is still
time for them to soak through while it is
day. The Beth Hillel, however, permits this.
The Beth Shammai prohibits putting bundles
of linen thread (to bleach) into the oven
unless there is sufficient time left for them to
become heated through while it is yet day,
or wool into a dye-kettle unless there is still
time for it to be soaked through the same
day. The Beth Hillel permits this. The Beth
Shammai says: Traps shall not be set for
animals and birds, or nets for fishes (on
Friday), unless there is still time for them to
be caught before sunset. The Beth Hillel
permits this. The Beth Shammai says: One
shall not sell anything to a Gentile (on
Friday) or help him load his animal, or help
him shoulder a burden unless he (the
Gentile) can reach (with his load) the nearest
place while it is yet day. The Beth Hillel
permits this. The Beth Shammai

6. Meats, onions, and eggs shall not be put
to roasting on the eve of Sabbath, unless
they can be done while it is yet day. Bread
shall not be put in the oven or a cake upon
live coals, unless the crust can be formed
while it is yet day. R. Elazar says it is
enough if the bottom crust is formed. The
Passover sacrifice may be turned around in
the oven (on Friday) when it is getting dark.
In the heating-house of (the sanctuary) the
fire was fed at eventide. The fires in the
rural districts may be fed until the flames
envelop the greatest part (of the fuel). R.
Judah says: “Where coals were already
burning more fuel may be added, even when
Sabbath is quite near at hand.” ...

... 8. One must say three things in his house on
Friday, when it is getting dark.—viz. “Have
you set aside the tithes (from the fruit, which
is to be eaten on the Sabbath)?” “Have you
put up the Erubh?” and “Light ye the lamp.”
When one is in doubt whether darkness has
set in, he must not separate tithes from (fruit
of which he is) certain (that tithes had not
been set aside), and he shall not put vessels
under process of lavation, and he shall not
light a lamp any more. But he may set aside
tithes from (fruit of which he is) not certain
(that tithes have been set aside), and he may
put up the Erubh and also put his food into
the stove for the purpose of keeping them
warm. ...

... 6. In a saucepan or a pot that was removed
from the fire, no spices shall be put after
dusk (on Friday); but spices may be put into
a plate or a bowl. R. Jehudah is of the
opinion that spices may be put in all vessels
or cooking utensils except in such as contain
vinegar or fish brine." [Mishnah Shabbath (Tractate Sabbath); various sections; Translated by Michael L. Rodkinson] - http://www.abu.nb.ca/courses/ntintro...shnahShabb.pdf
More Jewish Authoritative sources [Shulchan Aruch; Part I: Orach Chayim]:
"... Shabbat is observed from a few minutes before sunset on Friday evening until the appearance of three stars in the sky on Saturday night. [1] Shabbat is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. Traditionally, three festive meals are eaten: on Friday night, Saturday morning, and late Saturday afternoon. Friday night dinner begins with kiddush and a blessing recited over two loaves of challah." [Wikipedia; Shabbat; reference [1] - Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chayim 293:2] - Shabbat - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"In the Friday afternoon service, TACHANUN is not recited (267:1). In the evening service, the wording of the second blessing after SHEMA is modified; see 267:3 ... ... The evening service should begin late if possible, in order to add to the Sabbath (293:1,3), and the Sabbath does not end until it is certainly dark (293:2)..." [Shulchan Aruch; Part I: Orach Chayim] - Shulchan-Aruch - Chapter 20 - Torah.org

"The Shulchan Aruch ("Set Table") is a compendium of those areas of the halachah -- Jewish religious law -- that are applicable today. It was composed by Rabbi Yosef Karo of Safed (Israel) in the 1560's, and became generally accepted as authoritative after Rabbi Moshe Isserls of Cracow (Poland) supplemented it in the 1570's with notes (known as the Mappah - "Tablecloth") giving the rulings followed by Ashkenazic Jews." [Shulchan Aruch Introduction] - Shulchan Aruch - Torah.org
The Karaite Jews also refute the Lunarian 'sabbath' cycles- The Lunar Shabbat Calendar Issues
 
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[c] The Jewish Feasts, More:

Not all the feast sabbaths were on the 15th of any given month, and most especially not the 7th Day Sabbaths as has already been thoroughly demonstrated previously. For instance, the Feast of Unleavened Bread, on its first day, being Aviv/Nisan 15th is a feastal yearly sabbath, but the second festal sabbath of the Feast of Unleavend Bread was upon the 21st, not 22nd of that month.
Leviticus 23:8 KJV – [8] But ye shall offer an offering made by fire unto the LORD seven days: in the seventh day is an holy convocation: ye shall do no servile work therein.
Scriptural Calendar, year of Christ's Death, AD 31:

[01] [02] [03] [04] [05] [06] [07S]
-----------------------------------------
…
[09] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15]
[16] [17] 18] [19] [20] [21] [22]
…

The First Day of the 7th Month, being the Day of Trumpets, was also a festal 'sabbath', and the first is neither 8th, 15th, 22nd or 29th:

Leviticus 23:24 KJV – [24] Speak unto the children of Israel, saying, In the seventh month, in the first day of the month, shall ye have a sabbath, a memorial of blowing of trumpets, an holy convocation.
The Day of Atonement, which was the 10th Day of the 7th Month, also no work was allowed, and was called a “sabbath of sabbaths” - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_...and_Yom_Kippur :
Leviticus 23:27 KJV – [27] Also on the tenth day of this seventh month there shall be a day of atonement: it shall be an holy convocation unto you; and ye shall afflict your souls, and offer an offering made by fire unto the LORD.

Leviticus 23:28 KJV – [28] And ye shall do no work in that same day: for it is a day of atonement, to make an atonement for you before the LORD your God.

Leviticus 23:29 KJV – [29] For whatsoever soul it be that shall not be afflicted in that same day, he shall be cut off from among his people.

Leviticus 23:30 KJV – [30] And whatsoever soul it be that doeth any work in that same day, the same soul will I destroy from among his people.

Leviticus 23:31 KJV – [31] Ye shall do no manner of work: it shall be a statute for ever throughout your generations in all your dwellings.

Leviticus 23:32 KJV – [32] It shall be unto you a sabbath of rest, and ye shall afflict your souls: in the ninth day of the month at even, from even unto even, shall ye celebrate your sabbath.
The 8th Day of the Feast of Booths, also, would not have been on any of those Lunarian 'sabbath' days:
Leviticus 23:36 KJV – [36] Seven days ye shall offer an offering made by fire unto the LORD: on the eighth day shall be an holy convocation unto you; and ye shall offer an offering made by fire unto the LORD: it is a solemn assembly; and ye shall do no servile work therein.
It has already been shown, that even the days of the 15th of any given month, could land on any of the days of the week, including the 7th Day Sabbath of the Scriptural Calendar, and like as in the days of Jesus Christ, festal yearly sabbath [First Day of Unleavened Bread] and the 7th Day Sabbath, combined that year.
 
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[D] The Roman Catholic Encyclopedia:
"The seventh day of the week among the Hebrews,the day being counted from sunset to sunset, that is, from Friday evening to Saturday evening. ..." [Roman Catholic Online Encyclopedia; "S"; "Sabbath", just above subsection "Prescriptions concerning the sabbath"] - CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Sabbath
We see that Roman Catholicism fully admits that the 7th Day Sabbath of the Lord thy God existed before Mt. Sinai:
"The Sabbath ... in connection with the fall of the manna (Exodus 16:22 sqq.)... appears as an institution already known to the Israelites. The Sinaitic legislation therefore only gave the force of law to an existing ..." [Roman Catholic Online Encyclopedia; "S"; "Sabbath", subsection "Origin of the sabbath"] - CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Sabbath
We see that Roman Catholicism fully admits that the 7th Day Sabbath of the Lord thy God is not [I repeat, is not] based upon the phases of the Moon:
"...the phases of the moon, whereas the Sabbath was independent of them. Since the Sabbath always appear as a weekly feast without connexion with the moon, it cannot be derived..." [Roman Catholic Online Encyclopedia; "S"; "Sabbath", subsection "Origin of the sabbath"] - CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Sabbath
We see that Roman Catholicism fully admits that the 7th Day Sabbath of the Lord thy God was bogged down with man-made religious restrictions, which sets the stage for Christ Jesus to come and so unties those man-made "traditions" and restrictions and sets the 7th Day Sabbath of the the Lord thy God back in its proper beauty, as prophesied, "magnify the law" and "make it honourable", etc.
"...Under the influence of pharasaic rigorism a system of minute and burdensome regulations was elaborated, while the higher purpose of the Sabbath was lost sight of. ..." [Roman Catholic Online Encyclopedia; "S"; "Sabbath", subsection "Observance of the sabbath"] - CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Sabbath

"...Christ, while observing the Sabbath, set himself in word and act against this absurd rigorism which made man a slave of the day. He reproved the scribes and Pharisees for putting an intolerable burden on men's shoulders (Matthew 23:4), and proclaimed the principle that "the sabbath was made for man, and not man for the sabbath" (Mark 2:7). He cured on the Sabbath, and defended His disciples for plucking ears of corn on that day. In His arguments with the Pharisees on this account He showed that the Sabbath is not broken in cases of necessity or by acts of charity (Matthew 12:3 sqq.; Mark 2:25 sqq.; Luke 6:3 sqq,; 14:5)..." [Roman Catholic Online Encyclopedia; "S"; "Sabbath", subsection "The sabbath in the New Testament"] - CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Sabbath

"Ecclesiastical approbation. Nihil Obstat. February 1, 1912. Remy Lafort, D.D., Censor. Imprimatur. +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York." [Roman Catholic Online Encyclopedia; "S"; "Sabbath"] - CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Sabbath
 
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[E] The Orthodox Christians:

Theophilus of Antioch, To Autolycus, Book2, Chapter 12, in ANF 2:154.
Ante-Nicene Christian Library: Translations of th writings of the Fathers, down to A.D. 325. Edited by the Rev. Alexander Roberts, D.D., and James Donaldson, LL.D. Vol. III; Tatian, Theophilus, and the Clementine Recognitions. Edinburgh: And T. Clark, 38, Geroge Street. MDCCCLXVII. [1867]
"... [Page 78] And on the sixth day God finished His works which He made, and rested on the seventh day from all His works. And God blessed the seventh day, and sanctified it... [Page 78-79]

[Page 79] ... the seventh day, which all men acknowledge, the most know not that what among the Hebrews is called the “Sabbath” is translated into Greek the “Seventh” (ebdomas), a name which is adopted by every nation, although they know not the reason of the appellation. ..." [Pages 78-79] - https://archive.org/stream/antenicen...e/n90/mode/1up

https://archive.org/stream/antenicen...e/n91/mode/1up
Additional:
“... Chapter 38 of the Ethiopian Didascaliacommands the observance of both the Sabbath and Sunday. Gregory of Nyssa, who stands in great repute among Ethiopians, argued:

"With what eyes do you regard the Lord's Day, you who have desecrated the Sabbath? Do you know that these two days are related, that if you wrong one of them, you will stumble against the other?" ...” - Source: "The Judaic Spirit of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church: A Case Study in Religious Acculturation" by John T. Pawlikowski (https://rapidshare.com/files/4579282...Spirit_EOC.pdf) - http://www.orthodoxchristianity.net/...?topic=35363.0
More:
"... The Sabbath day is the seventh day, it is the day of rest in this world, the final day of the week. The next day, Sunday ..." - Lord's Day - OrthodoxWiki
St. Sophias:
“... When the Lord commanded the Hebrews, in the fourth of the Ten Commandments, to “Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy,” He also gave them the reason: “For in six days the Lord made heaven and earth, the sea, and everything in them, and rested on the seventh day. Therefore, the Lord blessed the Sabbath day and hallowed it” (Ex 20:8, 11; cf. Gn 2:1-3). When Moses restated the Ten Commandments in Deuteronomy 5, he added another reason: “Remember, you were a servant in the land of Egypt, and the Lord your God brought you out from there by a mighty hand and by an outstretched arm; therefore, the Lord your God ordered you to guard the Sabbath day and to sanctify it” (5:15).

The Hebrews were called to “remember” (Ex 20:8), to “keep” (Lv 19:3, 30), and to “hallow” or “sanctify” (Jer 17:19-27; Ezk 20:19, 20; Neh 13:15-22) the Sabbath by resting from almost every kind of work. God provided them this sacred time each week to help them contemplate His awesome work in creation and their miraculous deliverance from Egypt. Stipulating the faithful observance of the Sabbath was one of the main ways God ordained to reinforce the people’s covenant with Him (Ex 31:12-17; cf. Lv 24:8). …

… At first, early Jewish Christians continued to observe Sabbath regulations and to worship on the Sabbath (Acts 13:13-15, 42-44; 18:1-4). … Jesus rose on a Sunday. ...

… For Orthodox Christians, Saturday is still the Sabbath, the day on which the Church especially remembers the departed, since Christ rested in the tomb on Great and Holy Saturday. …

… As the day after the seventh day (when God rested from His six days of creation) and as the day of Christ’s Resurrection, Sunday … ” [Section, The Sabbath Day ...] - The Sabbath Day - St. Sophia Greek Orthodox ChurchBellingham, Washington
Orthodox Answers:
"... [Page 22] Eastern Christianity; Page 67. Eastern Orthodox Church distinguishes between "the Sabbath" (Saturday) and "the Lord's Day" (Sunday), and both continue to play a special role for the faithful. Many parishes and monstaries will serve the Divine Liturgy on both Saturday morning and Sunday morning. The church never allows strict fasting on any Saturday (except Holy Saturday) or Sunday. During Great Lent, when the celebration of the Liturgy is forbidden on weekdays, there is always Liturgy on Saturday as well as Sunday. The church also has a special cycle of Bible Readings (Epistle and Gospel) for Saturdays and Sundays which is different from the cycle of readings allotted to weekdays. ...

... In part, the reason Orthodox Christians continue to celebrate Saturday as the Sabbath is because of its role in the history of salvation: it was on a Saturday that Jesus "rested" in the tomb after his work on the cross. For this reason, also, Saturday is a day for general commemoration of the departed, and special requiem hymns are often chanted on this day.

The Ethiopian Orthodox church (part of the Oriental Orthodox communion, having about 40 million members) observes both Saturday and Sunday ... " [Page 22]- http://www.orthodoxanswers.org/media...ts/sabbath.pdf
 
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Indeed, especially when Eastern 'Orthodoxy', etc all agree that the Ten Commandments remain valid:
"Eastern Orthodoxy

The Eastern Orthodox Church holds its moral truths to be chiefly contained in the Ten Commandments.[68] A confession begins with the Confessor reciting the Ten Commandments and asking the penitent which of them he has broken.[69] ..." - Ten Commandments - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
I wonder what "Ten Commandments" they cite and where from in Scripture? Oh wait a minute, here they are from the Eastern Orthodox Catechism [though again shortened from what Scripture actually says]:

Orthodox Catechism:
"489. Which are the chief and general commandments of this law?

The following ten, which were written on two tables of stone:

1. I am the Lord thy God: thou shalt have none other gods beside me.

2. Thou shalt not make unto thyself any graven image, nor the likeness of any thing that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the waters under the earth: thou shalt not bowdown to them, nor serve them.

3. Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain.

4. Remember theSabbath day, to keep it holy: six days shalt thou labor, and do all thy work; but the seventh dayis the Sabbath to the Lord thy God.

5. Honor thy father and thy mother, that it may be well with thee, and that thy days may be long upon the earth.

6. Thou shalt not kill.

7. Thou shalt not commit adultery.

8. Thou shalt not steal.

9. Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbor.

10. Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's wife, thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's house, nor his land, nor his man-servant, nor his maid-servant, nor his ox, nor his ***, nor any of his cattle, nor any thing that is thy neighbor's. Exod. xx. 1-17; Deut. v. 6-21.

490. You said that these Commandments were given to the people of Israel: must we, then, also walk by them?

We must: for they are in substance the same law which, in the words of St. Paul, has been written in the hearts of all men, that all should walk by it.

491.Did Jesus Christ teach men to walk by the Ten Commandments?

He bade men, if they would attain to everlasting life, to keep the Commandments and taught us to understand and fulfill them more perfectly than had been done before he came. Matt xix. 17, and v.

On the Division of the Commandments into Two Tables.

492. What means the division of the Ten Commandments into two tables?

This: that they contain two kinds of love--love to God, and love to our neighbor; and prescribe two corresponding kinds of duties." - The Longer Catechism of The Orthodox, Catholic, Eastern Church • Pravoslavieto.com
Ooops, scratch [strikethrough]"Ten"[/strikethrough] and write "Nine" of God's Commands + "1 man made tradition, nullifying God's Commands"...:

More Orthodox Catechism:
"537. Is the Sabbath kept in the Christian Church?

It is not kept, strictly speaking, as a holy day ...

538. How, then, does the Christian Church obey the fourth commandment?

She still to every six days keeps a seventh, only not the last of the seven days, which is the Sabbath, but the first day in every week ... " - The Longer Catechism of The Orthodox, Catholic, Eastern Church • Pravoslavieto.com
Yet there could even be scratched 1 more of the 9 left... but save it for later...

Yet notice that the so-called Orthodoxy is very plain on the matter of the when of the 7th Day, and has nothing to do with the Lunarian 'sabbath' cycles.
 
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Greek Orthodox [St. Sophia; Greek Orthodox Church]:
“... When the Lord commanded the Hebrews, in the fourth of the Ten Commandments, to “Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy,” He also gave them the reason: “For in six days the Lord made heaven and earth, the sea, and everything in them, and rested on the seventh day. Therefore, the Lord blessed the Sabbath day and hallowed it” (Ex 20:8, 11; cf. Gn 2:1-3). When Moses restated the Ten Commandments in Deuteronomy 5, he added another reason: “Remember, you were a servant in the land of Egypt, and the Lord your God brought you out from there by a mighty hand and by an outstretched arm; therefore, the Lord your God ordered you to guard the Sabbath day and to sanctify it” (5:15).

The Hebrews were called to “remember” (Ex 20:8), to “keep” (Lv 19:3, 30), and to “hallow” or “sanctify” (Jer 17:19-27; Ezk 20:19, 20; Neh 13:15-22) the Sabbath by resting from almost every kind of work. God provided them this sacred time each week to help them contemplate His awesome work in creation and their miraculous deliverance from Egypt. Stipulating the faithful observance of the Sabbath was one of the main ways God ordained to reinforce the people’s covenant with Him (Ex 31:12-17; cf. Lv 24:8). …

… At first, early Jewish Christians continued to observe Sabbath regulations and to worship on the Sabbath (Acts 13:13-15, 42-44; 18:1-4). … Jesus rose on a Sunday. ...

… For Orthodox Christians, Saturday is still the Sabbath, the day on which the Church especially remembers the departed, since Christ rested in the tomb on Great and Holy Saturday. …

… As the day after the seventh day (when God rested from His six days of creation) and as the day of Christ’s Resurrection, Sunday … ” [Section, The Sabbath Day ...] - The Sabbath Day - St. Sophia Greek Orthodox ChurchBellingham, Washington
Apostolic Constitutions 2:36:2
[Apostolic Constitutions incorporates the Didascalia Apostolorum in Books I-VI, and the Didache in Book VII and other matierals in Book VIII - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostol...utions#Content ]
Greek Text: “... σαββατισμον...”

[Greek Text Two Page View] http://archive.org/stream/didascalia.../n189/mode/2up

[Greek Text One Page View]
http://archive.org/stream/didascalia.../n189/mode/1up

[Picture; page 121, line 26, 5th word from the left]

- http://archive.org/stream/didascalia.../n189/mode/1up

[English Translation; Roman Catholic] “XXXVI. Have before your eyes the fear of God, and always remember the ten commandments of God—to love the one and only Lord God with all your strength; to give no heed to idols, or any other beings, as being lifeless gods, or irrational beings or dæmons. Consider the manifold workmanship of God, which received its beginning through Christ. You shall observe the Sabbath, on account of Him who ceased from His work of creation, but ceased not from His work of providence: it is a rest for meditation of the law, not for idleness of the hands. Reject every unlawful lust, everything destructive to men, and all anger. Honour your parents, as the authors of your being. Love your neighbour as yourself. ...” - CHURCH FATHERS: Apostolic Constitutions, Book II

[English Translation; Orthodox] “XXXVI. Have before thine eyes the fear of God, and always remember the ten commandments of God,-to love the one and only Lord God with all thy strength; to give no heed to idols, or any other beings, as being lifeless gods, or irrational beings or daemons. Consider the manifold workmanship of God, which received its beginning through Christ. Thou shalt observe the Sabbath, on account of Him who ceased from His work of creation, but ceased not from His work of providence: it is a rest for meditation of the law, not for idleness of the hands. Reject every unlawful lust, everything destructive to men, and all anger. Honour thy parents, as the authors of thy being. Love thy neighbour as thyself. ...” -http://orthodoxchurchfathers.com/fat...#P5614_2026032
The Ante-Nicene Fathers: Translations of the Writings of the Fathers down to A.D. 325, Volume 7 [see Page 413, bottom left section continuing unto the upper right section] : http://books.google.com/books?id=7DE...page&q&f=false

or : http://books.google.com/books?id=qvQ...page&q&f=false

or : http://books.google.com/books?id=YO5...page&q&f=false
St. George Greek Orthodox Church in St. Paul, Minnesota:
"... We can try to change ourselves by periodically and regularly taking rest in a Sabbath. What is Sabbath? Most of you probably know that it comes from Hebrew word "sabbat" and Greek word "Sabbato" that refers to the seventh day of week -- Saturday.

The origin of Sabbath goes back to Genesis: "Thus the heavens and earth were finished, and all the host of them. And on the seventh day God finished His work which He had done, and He rested on the seventh day from all his work which he had done. So God blessed the seventh day and made it holy, because on it God rested from all His work which He had done in creation" (Genesis 2:1-3).

After God freed the Israelites from slavery in Egypt, He led them to Mt. Sinai. There He revealed Himself to Moses and gave the tablets of the Law, the Ten Commandments. Listen to the fourth commandment:

Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy. Six days you shall labor, and do all your work; but the seventh day is a Sabbath to the Lord your God; in it you shall not do any work, you or your son or your daughter, your manservant or your maidservant or your cattle or the sojourner who is within your gates; for in six days the Lord made heaven and earth, the sea and all that is in them, and rested the seventh day; therefore the Lord blessed the Sabbath day and made it holy" (Exodus 20:8-11).

The Sabbath is important for two reasons: 1) It is a time for rest and recovery; and 2) It is holy, meaning set-apart for God. In the first, the corollary is implied that if the all-powerful, all-knowing God needs rest, then we His tiny creatures need rest too. If we think and act like we do not need rest, then we are placing ourselves above God. In the second, we have the foundation for communal worship. In both Jewish and Orthodox Christian liturgical time, the new day begins at sunset/sundown. Thus, Sabbath began on Friday (Greek: Paraskeve meaning "preparation") evening.

Essentially, the Sabbath is a day of physical rest and spiritual joy, centered around the twin poles of home and synagogue. In Orthodox Judaism, as the men leave for evening service, the women recite a special blessing over the Sabbath candles. Upon his return, the husband blesses his wife and the children, they pray and sing together and partake of a meal of bread and wine together. Some families eat the meal first and then go together to evening service. The next day, Saturday, another festive meal is eaten and the day ends with another worship service" (Oxford Dictionary of Judaism). ...

... Of course, in the Orthodox Christian tradition, Sabbath rest is taken not on Saturday but on Sunday ... " - [Fr. Richard Demetrius Andrews is the pastor of St. George Greek Orthodox Church in St. Paul, Minnesota. Fr. Andrews is the past president of Minnesota Eastern Orthodox Christian Clergy Association (MEOCCA), and a volunteer chaplain with the St. Paul Police Department.] - http://www.orthodoxytoday.org/articl...ewsSabbath.php
 
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A brief moment as an "aside", a question and Puzzle for our Orthodox friends:

Jesus ate with the Disciples on Thursday night. Jesus Died Friday afternoon, which was the Passover day. Jesus remained in the Tomb on Sabbath.

Why do you call Sunday {"the first [day] of the week"} the Pascha? Sunday is too late...

The Definition for Pascha, from Orthodox Wiki is as follows:

"... Pascha is a transliteration of the Greek word, which is itself a transliteration of the Hebrew pesach, both words meaning Passover. (A minority of English-speaking Orthodox prefer the English word 'Pasch.')"- Pascha - OrthodoxWiki
Passover means:
"... the Passover was a family festival. It was celebrated at night, at the full moon of the vernal equinox, the 14th of the month of Abib or of the corn (called Nisan after the exile). ..." - Passover – OrthodoxWiki
Paul is clear that Jesus was the Passover at His death:
Purge out therefore the old leaven, that ye may be a new lump, as ye are unleavened. For even Christ our passover is sacrificed for us: 1 Corinthians 5:7
And that in His resurrection, He is then the Firstfruits, which would fit perfectly with typology and prophecy.
But now is Christ risen from the dead, and become the firstfruits of them that slept. 1 Corinthians 15:20

But every man in his own order: Christ the firstfruits; afterward they that are Christ's at his coming. 1 Corinthians 15:23
How is Christ the Passover/Pascha on the First Day of the week?

How does a person come to a weekly event, from a yearly source from Scripture?
 
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Back to the falsifying the so-called Lunarian 'sabbath' cycles:

[F] Alfred Edersheim [Christian], Convert from Judaism:


Here is a Christian convert, from Judaism, commenting upon the Mishnah Tractate, etc; Alfred Edersheim:

""The Mishnic tractate Sabbath stands at the head of twelve tractates which together form the second of the six sections into which the Mishnah is divided, and which treats of Festive Seasons (Seder Moed). Properly to understand the Sabbath regulations, it is, however, necessary also to take into account the second tractate in that section, which treats of what are called ‘commixtures' or 'connections' (Erubin). Its object is to make the Sabbath Laws more bearable. For this purpose, it is explained how places, beyond which it would otherwise have been unlawful to carry things, may be connected together, so as, by a legal fiction, to convert them into a sort of private dwelling. Thus, supposing a number of small private houses to open into a common court, it would have been unlawful on the Sabbath to carry anything from one of these houses into the other. This difficulty is removed if all the families deposit before the Sabbath some food in the common court, when 'a connection' is established between the various houses, which makes them one dwelling. This was called the 'Erubh of Courts.' Similarly, an extension of what was allowed as a 'Sabbath journey' might be secured by another ‘commixture,' the ‘Erubh' or 'connection of boundaries.' An ordinary Sabbath day's journey extended 2,000 cubits beyond one's dwelling. But if at the boundary of that 'journey' a, man deposited on the Friday food for two meals, he thereby constituted it his dwelling, and hence might go on for other 2,000 cubits. ...

... The discussion was concerning a beast of burden. An *** might not be led out on the road with its covering on, unless such had been put on the animal previous to the Sabbath, but it was lawful to lead the animal about in this fashion in one's courtyard. The same rule applied to a pack-saddle, provided it were not fastened on by girth and back-strap. Upon this one of the Rabbis is reported as bursting into the declaration that this formed part of those Sabbath Laws (comp. Chag. i. 8) which were like mountains suspended by a hair ! (Jer. Shabb. p. 7, col. b, last lines). And yet in all these wearisome details there is not a, single trace of anything spiritual--not a word even to suggest higher thoughts of God's holy day and its observance, The tractate on the Sabbath begins with regulations extending its provisions to the close of the Friday afternoon, so as to prevent the possibility of infringing the Sabbath itself which commenced on the Friday evening. As the most common kind of labor would be that of carrying, this is the first point discussed. The Biblical law forbade such labor in simple terms (Ex. xxxvi. 6; comp. Jer. xvii. 22). ...

...Shortly before the commencement of the Sabbath (late on Friday afternoon) nothing new was to be begin; the tailor might no longer go out with his needle, nor the scribe with his pen; nor were clothes to be examined by lamp-light. ..." [Alfred Edersheim [Jewish convert to Christianity]; THE TALMUDIC SABBATH-LAW; THE ORDINANCES AND LAWS OF THE SABBATH AS LAID DOWN IN THE MISHNAH AND THE JERUSALEM TALMUD., sections throughout] - http://www.saltshakers.com/lm/Eder2.rtf
 
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[3] The so-called 'Higher Critical' Sources, which many attempt to utilize in their 'proof' of the Lunarian 'sabbath' cycles, all the while that they are claiming to keep to the God-inspiredness of Scriptures, and while that they are claiming to believe it as their ultimate source for their faith/doctrine/practice, and yet when they see it cannot be found, neither substantiated in the Scripture they readily turn to the following as their actual foundation:

Let's take a closer look at those so-called sources:
Encyclopaedia Biblica A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political and Religious History, The Archaeology, Geography And Natural History Of The Bible; Edited by The Rev. T. K. Cheyne, D.Litt., D.D. Oriel Professor of the Interpretation of Holy Scripture at Oxford and Formerly Fellow of Balliol College; Canon of Rochester and J. Sutherland Black, M.A., LL.D. Formerly Assistant Editor of the 'Encyclopedia Britannica' Volume IV; Q to Z. New York, The Macmillan Company; London: Adam and Charles Black. 1903. - https://archive.org/details/Encyclop...ca_Vol_I_to_IV
It is a "Critical" Dictionary. In article "Sabbath" alone,
"... [Page 4175] modern criticism..." [Page 4175]
and
"... [Page 4176] The historical results of criticism may be thus summarized. ..." [Page 4176].
In it, on article "Sabbath", it also says,
"... [Page 4173] There is a [Page 4173-4174] traditional saying of Jesus which may express his Janus-like habit of mind as regards the Sabbath. ..." [Pages 4173-4174] - https://archive.org/stream/Encyclopa.../n125/mode/1up
The "Critical" Dictionary, just equated Jesus with Janus. Janus is the Pagan God, dual [two]-face, one forward, the other backwards.

It is written of God/Jesus,
"For I am the LORD, I change not …" Malachi 3:6 KJV

“... thou art the same ...” Hebrews 1:12 KJV; citing Psalms 102:27.

Hebrews 13:8 KJV – [8] Jesus Christ the same yesterday, and to day, and for ever.
Etc...
This same "Critical" Dictionary, also says in the same article,
"[Page 4174] The saying in the Oxyrhynchus papyrus-fragment discovered in 1897. 3 'if you do not keep the Sabbath you will not see the Father' ... may also very well have been actually spoken by Jesus in its literal sense, as the expression of the same conservative temper as we find in Mt.5:17-19,and against noisy fanatics who thought to do honour to their master by showing contempt for the day. ..." [Page 4173-4174] - https://archive.org/stream/Encyclopa.../n125/mode/1up
Further this "Critical" Dictionary says,
"... [Page 4175] That the earliest Christians in Palestine observed the Sabbath is nowhere indeed expressly said, 1 but is certainly to be assumed. The silence of Acts is not to be taken as a proof of the non-observance, but contrariwise as a proof that is was observed as a matter of course." [Page 4175] - https://archive.org/stream/Encyclopa.../n126/mode/1up
The Critical work, denies the Inspiredness of the Scriptures, and instead places upon it a human only framework, and indeed attempts [and fails] to connect the Sabbath of the LORD thy God, with the "Hindus", "Buddhism" and linking it, "From this point of view..." [Page 4178] and again to “Babylonian” [even “... Babylonian origin of the Sabbath ...” [Page 4180]] and “Assyrian” 'sabbaths' and not from actual Scripture.

Furthermore, the article nearing conclusion states this amazingly, in opposition to the Lunarian 'sabbath' ideology,
"... [Page 4180] The introduction, in consequence of profound changes in religious conceptions among the Hebrews, of the custom of celebrating the Sabbath every seventh day, irrespective of the relationship of the day to the moon's phases, ..." [Page 4180] - https://archive.org/stream/Encyclopa.../n128/mode/1up
Amazingly it all ends with,
"... [Page 4180] The field, however, is still open for further investigation. ..." [Page 4180].
Yet another “Critical” section - http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/ar...bbath#anchor11

To which no faithful Torah/Talmudic Jew would consider as in any way reliable. This was also refuted here - http://www.karaitejudaism.org/talks/...dar_Issues.htm

For instance, many cite the Jewish Encyclopedia, and yet they ignore under what sections their Lunarian 'sabbath' connections actually come from: the so-called 'Higher Criticism', which means they do not take the Bible as it reads, but attempt to dismantle it:

In the preface of the Jewish Encyclopedia we find an explanation for offering the critical view which links the Sabbath with the moon. It is rather self explanatory:
“There are those who hold to the literal inspiration, while others reject this view and are of the opinion that the circumstances under which the various texts were produced can be ascertained by what is known as the Higher Criticism. It seemed appropriate in the more important Biblical articles to distinguish sharply between these two points of view, and to give in separate paragraphs the actual data of the Masoretic text and the critical views regarding them. ... The plan was adopted of treating the more important Biblical articles under the three heads of (a) Biblical Data, giving, without comment or separation of "sources," the statements of the text; (b) Rabbinical Literature, giving the interpretation placed upon Biblical facts by the Talmud, Midrash, and later Jewish literature; (c) Critical View, stating concisely the opinions held by the so-called Higher Criticism as to the sources and validity of the Biblical statements.” [Emphasis added] The Jewish Encyclopedia, Preface (Preface - JewishEncyclopedia.com)
This admission is very revealing. The Lunar Sabbath theory is based on higher criticism; it is the critical view.

"Higher Criticism", was long ago refuted as anti-Scriptural humanism, masquerading as Study, yet such “criticism” is even the 'wisdom of this world', which is foolishness - http://revelation1412.org/files/1913...yclopaedia.pdf
 
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Now that we have looked one of the counterfeits, the so-called Lunarian 'sabbath' cycle, let us now consider the True briefly:

The many times that the
"Sabbath" of the LORD is given in the New Testament:
Matthew 12:1,2,5,8,10,11,12, 24:20, 28:1;

Mark 1:21, 2:23,24,27,28, 3:2,4, 6:2, 7:6-9, 15:42, 16:1;

Luke 4:16,31, 6:1,2,5,6,7,9, 13:10,14,15,16, 14:1,3,5, 23:54,56;

John 5:9,10,16,18, 7:22,23, 9:14,16, 19:31;

Acts 1:2, 13:14,27,42,44, 15:21, 16:13, 17:2, 18:4;

Additional references are:

Hebrews 4:9; [Greek: sabbatismos, literal sabbath-keeping]

Revelation 1:10 [kuriake hemera, "the Lord's Day" [the 7th Day Sabbath, not "the Day of the Lord", this is totally different in the Greek], see Genesis 2:1-3, Exodus 20:8-11, Deuteronomy 5:12:15, Isaiah 58:13, 66:23, Matthew 12:8, Mark 2:27,28; Luke 6:5 ], 10:6 [see also Exodus 20:11, 31:17 Nehemiah 9:6; Psalms 146:6; Acts 4:24, 14:15, Revelation 14:7]; 14:7 [see previous], etc

See also Acts 4:24 [Jews], 14:15 [Gentiles]; Revelation 10:6, 14:7 [All peoples], comparing to Exodus 20:11; and furthermore to Nehemiah 9:6.

See also Hebrews 4:1-11; comparing to Genesis 2:1-3; Exodus 20:8-11; Ezekiel 20; Numbers 14; Psalms 95; 1 Corinthians 10, etc.
Additionally, further references in the Greek are [every single 'first [day] of the week' text]:
Matthew 28:1{a} - oye de sabbatwn
Matthew 28:1{b} - eiV mian sabbatwn
Mark 16:2 - kai lian prwi ths mias sabbatwn
Mark 16:9 - anastas de prwi prwth sabbatou
Luke 24:1 - th de mia twn sabbatwn
John 20:1 - th de mia twn sabbatwn
John 20:19 - th mia twn sabbatwn
Acts 20:7 - en de th mia twn sabbatwn
1 Corinthians 16:2 - kata mian sabbatwn
Additional reference is in the Sabbath before Jesus' death, wherein Jesus, the disciples and Lazarus, all were at Lazarus' house, six days before the Passover, the very next day being the Triumphal entry ['first [day] of the week']:
Then Jesus six days before the passover came to Bethany, where Lazarus was which had been dead, whom he raised from the dead. John 12:1
 
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Now that we have looked one of the counterfeits, the so-called Lunarian 'sabbath' cycle, let us now consider the True briefly:

The many times that the
"Sabbath" of the LORD is given in the New Testament:
Matthew 12:1,2,5,8,10,11,12, 24:20, 28:1;

Mark 1:21, 2:23,24,27,28, 3:2,4, 6:2, 7:6-9, 15:42, 16:1;

Luke 4:16,31, 6:1,2,5,6,7,9, 13:10,14,15,16, 14:1,3,5, 23:54,56;

John 5:9,10,16,18, 7:22,23, 9:14,16, 19:31;

Acts 1:2, 13:14,27,42,44, 15:21, 16:13, 17:2, 18:4;

Additional references are:

Hebrews 4:9; [Greek: sabbatismos, literal sabbath-keeping]

Revelation 1:10 [kuriake hemera, "the Lord's Day" [the 7th Day Sabbath, not "the Day of the Lord", this is totally different in the Greek], see Genesis 2:1-3, Exodus 20:8-11, Deuteronomy 5:12:15, Isaiah 58:13, 66:23, Matthew 12:8, Mark 2:27,28; Luke 6:5 ], 10:6 [see also Exodus 20:11, 31:17 Nehemiah 9:6; Psalms 146:6; Acts 4:24, 14:15, Revelation 14:7]; 14:7 [see previous], etc

See also Acts 4:24 [Jews], 14:15 [Gentiles]; Revelation 10:6, 14:7 [All peoples], comparing to Exodus 20:11; and furthermore to Nehemiah 9:6.

See also Hebrews 4:1-11; comparing to Genesis 2:1-3; Exodus 20:8-11; Ezekiel 20; Numbers 14; Psalms 95; 1 Corinthians 10, etc.
Additionally, further references in the Greek are [every single 'first [day] of the week' text]:
Matthew 28:1{a} - oye de sabbatwn
Matthew 28:1{b} - eiV mian sabbatwn
Mark 16:2 - kai lian prwi ths mias sabbatwn
Mark 16:9 - anastas de prwi prwth sabbatou
Luke 24:1 - th de mia twn sabbatwn
John 20:1 - th de mia twn sabbatwn
John 20:19 - th mia twn sabbatwn
Acts 20:7 - en de th mia twn sabbatwn
1 Corinthians 16:2 - kata mian sabbatwn
Additional reference is in the Sabbath before Jesus' death, wherein Jesus, the disciples and Lazarus, all were at Lazarus' house, six days before the Passover, the very next day being the Triumphal entry ['first [day] of the week']:
Then Jesus six days before the passover came to Bethany, where Lazarus was which had been dead, whom he raised from the dead. John 12:1
Jesus will execute the death penalty, for the wages for sin [1 John 3:4] is 2nd Death, for Jesus is the LORD of the Sabbath and is the one without sin.

See John 14:15, and read it together with Exodus 20:6.

What Commandments then is Jesus specifically referring to?

Turn to Isaiah 56, and read vs 1 and then vs 8. Who is it speaking of? Hint, turn to John 10:16 and then turn to the Crucifixion of Jesus. now go back and read Isaiah 56:2-7 in its proper context, and ask your self what "covenant" is being spoken of there.
Isaiah 56:1 KJB - Thus saith the LORD, Keep ye judgment, and do justice: for my salvation [is] near to come, and my righteousness to be revealed.

Isaiah 56:2 KJB - Blessed [is] the man [that] doeth this, and the son of man [that] layeth hold on it; that keepeth the sabbath from polluting it, and keepeth his hand from doing any evil.

Isaiah 56:3 KJB - Neither let the son of the stranger, that hath joined himself to the LORD, speak, saying, The LORD hath utterly separated me from his people: neither let the eunuch say, Behold, I [am] a dry tree.

Isaiah 56:4 KJB - For thus saith the LORD unto the eunuchs that keep my sabbaths, and choose [the things] that please me, and take hold of my covenant;

Isaiah 56:5 KJB - Even unto them will I give in mine house and within my walls a place and a name better than of sons and of daughters: I will give them an everlasting name, that shall not be cut off.

Isaiah 56:6 KJB - Also the sons of the stranger, that join themselves to the LORD, to serve him, and to love the name of the LORD, to be his servants, every one that keepeth the sabbath from polluting it, and taketh hold of my covenant;

Isaiah 56:7 KJB - Even them will I bring to my holy mountain, and make them joyful in my house of prayer: their burnt offerings and their sacrifices [shall be] accepted upon mine altar; for mine house shall be called an house of prayer for all people.

Isaiah 56:8 KJB - The Lord GOD which gathereth the outcasts of Israel saith, Yet will I gather [others] to him, beside those that are gathered unto him.

John 10:16 KJB - And other sheep I have, which are not of this fold: them also I must bring, and they shall hear my voice; and there shall be one fold, [and] one shepherd.
Now turn to Isaiah 8:14,15, and tell me who it is speaking of according to the New Testament in these verses, Romans 9:33; 1 Peter 2:8, etc, then turn back to Isaiah 8:18 [My children], and turn to Hosea 11:1 [Israel my Son]; Matthew 2:15 [My Son out of Egypt]; Hebrews 2:10 [many sons unto glory, thus His children], and then turn to Exodus 31:16, and ask yourself who is Israel then, and who are His children, and what are they to do? Then turn back to Isaiah 8:15, and read it again, and again ask who is this speaking of, and then read one more verse Isaiah 8:16, and then ask yourself, whose "Disciples" and then what "Law" and what "Testimony" was to be "sealed" among them? Now turn to Jeremiah 31:31-34, and ask what "My Law" was to be written upon the heart, just read through Jeremiah to see.
Isaiah 8:14 KJB - And he shall be for a sanctuary; but for a stone of stumbling and for a rock of offence to both the houses of Israel, for a gin and for a snare to the inhabitants of Jerusalem.

Isaiah 8:15 KJB - And many among them shall stumble, and fall, and be broken, and be snared, and be taken.

Isaiah 8:16 KJB - Bind up the testimony, seal the law among my disciples.

Isaiah 8:17 KJB - And I will wait upon the LORD, that hideth his face from the house of Jacob, and I will look for him.

Isaiah 8:18 KJB - Behold, I and the children whom the LORD hath given me [are] for signs and for wonders in Israel from the LORD of hosts, which dwelleth in mount Zion.

Isaiah 8:20 KJB - To the law and to the testimony: if they speak not according to this word, [it is] because [there is] no light in them.

Romans 9:33 KJB - As it is written, Behold, I lay in Sion a stumblingstone and rock of offence: and whosoever believeth on him shall not be ashamed.

1 Peter 2:8 KJB - And a stone of stumbling, and a rock of offence, [even to them] which stumble at the word, being disobedient: whereunto also they were appointed.

Hosea 11:1 KJB - When Israel [was] a child, then I loved him, and called my son out of Egypt.

Matthew 2:15 KJB - And was there until the death of Herod: that it might be fulfilled which was spoken of the Lord by the prophet, saying, Out of Egypt have I called my son.

Hebrews 2:10 KJB - For it became him, for whom [are] all things, and by whom [are] all things, in bringing many sons unto glory, to make the captain of their salvation perfect through sufferings.

Exodus 31:13 KJB - Speak thou also unto the children of Israel, saying, Verily my sabbaths ye shall keep: for it [is] a sign between me and you throughout your generations; that [ye] may know that I [am] the LORD that doth sanctify you.

Exodus 31:14 KJB - Ye shall keep the sabbath therefore; for it [is] holy unto you: every one that defileth it shall surely be put to death: for whosoever doeth [any] work therein, that soul shall be cut off from among his people.

Exodus 31:15 KJB - Six days may work be done; but in the seventh [is] the sabbath of rest, holy to the LORD: whosoever doeth [any] work in the sabbath day, he shall surely be put to death.

Exodus 31:16 KJB - Wherefore the children of Israel shall keep the sabbath, to observe the sabbath throughout their generations, [for] a perpetual covenant.

Exodus 31:17 KJB - It [is] a sign between me and the children of Israel for ever: for [in] six days the LORD made heaven and earth, and on the seventh day he rested, and was refreshed.
There are many others, and especially from the NT itself. Let me know, if you would like them.
Q. Whom is James citing?:
Acts 15:15 KJB - And to this agree the words of the prophets; as it is written,

Acts 15:16 KJB - After this I will return, and will build again the tabernacle of David, which is fallen down; and I will build again the ruins thereof, and I will set it up:

Acts 15:17 KJB - That the residue of men might seek after the Lord, and all the Gentiles, upon whom my name is called, saith the Lord, who doeth all these things.

Acts 15:18 KJB - Known unto God are all his works from the beginning of the world.

Acts 15:19 KJB - Wherefore my sentence is, that we trouble not them, which from among the Gentiles are turned to God:
Q. Where are the following items being quoted from?
Acts 15:20 KJB - But that we write unto them, that they abstain from pollutions of idols, and [from] fornication, and [from] things strangled, and [from] blood.
Q. What is a synonym for the word "for" here?:
Acts 15:21 KJB - For Moses of old time hath in every city them that preach him, being read in the synagogues every sabbath day.
 
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Pyong Ping

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What comes 14 days later after the "New Moon", would depend on how one is counting, exclusively, or inclusively, ordinal, nominal, etc? If they mean the '15th' day of the month (14 days after the "New Moon"), then that day is the "15th" day of the month, and that's it, unless one of the seasonal feast days lands on it, or if the cycle of the 7th day sabbath from creation (Genesis 2:1-3; Exodus 20:8-11) coincides with the "15th" day of the month. The other option is when the Feast of Tabernacles (Leviticus 23:23-25) takes place, in the 7th month, at the New Moon, being the first day of the month, a yearly sabbath takes place in the same day, and is even possible (but does not have) to coincide with the 7th day the sabbath of God. Consider (assuming 30 day months):

(The Week) (001) (002) (003) (004) (005) (006) (007 Sabbath)

(5-6 Month) (027) (028) (029) (030) (1NM) (002) (003S)
(006 Month) (004) (005) (006) (007) (008) (009) (010S)
(006 Month) (011) (012) (013) (014) (015) (016) (017S)
(006 Month) (018) (019) (020) (021) (022) (023) (024S)
(6-7 Month) (025) (026) (027) (028) (029) (030) (1NMSY) (NM/7Sab./YearS Comb.)
(007 Month) (002) (003) (004) (005) (006) (007) (008S)
(007 Month) (009) (010) (011) (012) (013) (014) (015S)
(007 Month) (016) (017) (018) (019) (020) (021) (022S)
(007 Month) (023) (024) (025) (026) (027) (028) (029S)
(7-8 Month) (030) (1NM) (002) (003) (004) (005) (006S)
(008 Month) (007) (008) (009) (010) (011) (012) (013S)
(008 Month) (014) (015) (016) (017) (018) (019) (020S)
(008 Month) (021) (021) (022) (023) (024) (025) (026S)
(8-9 Month) (027) (028) (029) (030) (1NM) (002) (003S)


That is only when the New Moon takes place at the time that it does, and when the Months are exactly 30 days, rather than 29 or 31 days. The two calculations of time, (weekly) and (monthly) (and so also year), are differing.
 
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Pyong Ping

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In the matter of the final week of Jesus, the calendar looks like this (assuming 30 day months):

(The Week) (001) (002) (003) (004) (005) (006) (007 Sabbath)

(12-1 Month) (025) (026) (027) (028) (029) (030) (1NMS)
(001 Month) (002) (003) (004) (005) (006) (007) (008S)
(001 Month) (009) (010) (011) (012) (013) (014) (015SY)
(001 Month) (016) (017) (018) (019) (020) (021) (022S) [1 sabbath]
(001 Month) (023) (024) (025) (026) (027) (028) (029S) [2 sabbath]

(1-2 Month) (030) (1NM) (002) (003) (004) (005) (006S) [3 sabbath]
(002 Month) (007) (008) (009) (010) (011) (012) (013S) [4 sabbath]
(002 Month) (014) (015) (016) (017) (018) (019) (020S) [5 sababth]
(002 Month) (021) (022) (023) (024) (025) (026) (027S) [6 sababth]
(2-3 Month) (028) (029) (030) (1NM) (002) (003) (004S) [7 sabbath]
(003 Month) (005) (006) (007) (008) (009) (010) (011S)

Christ's Crucifixtion/Death - 014 (Passover, 1st Month Abib/Nisan) (not a 7 sabbath) (two preparations combine, 6th day of the week, and for feast)

Christ's Tomb - 015 (Unleavened Bread, 1st Month Abib/Nisan, 1st day, Yearly sabbath coincides with 7 sabbath), count 7 days - 021 last day of Unleavened Bread, Yearly sabbath (not a 7 sabbath)

Christ's Resurrection - 016 (Firstfruits/Wavesheaf, 1st Month Abib/Nisan), count 50 days, 7 sabbaths plus 1 more day unto Pentecost. (not a 7 sabbath)

Christ's Anointing as High Priest - 005 (3rd Month, Sivan) 50th day from Firstfruits. (not a 7 sabbath)
 
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