First, Acts 2 offer no definition that applies to later examples. The tongues there are labelled "dialektos," the term used exclusively for human languages, but this term is never used to label other NT examples of tongues.
No the word Luke used for the act of speaking in tongues in Acts 2 is glossa (v4), the same word that is used for all the other instances of tongues. Dialektos (v8) is referring to the native languages of the crowd. If there was a different type of tongues in later chapters, Luke would not have used the same terminology (glossa) to label it.
Second, you are apparently unaware of the cultural relevance of the Oracle of
Delphi which provides pagan precedent for tongues and interpretation by a prophet.
You need to consult Kittel's artice on "glossai" (tongues) magisterial multi-volume dictionary. He provides examples of how "tongues" at Delphi can refer to "a secret language," "an expression which in speech or manner is strange and obscure and needs explanation."
Please show us a single instance in classical Greek literature where glossa is used to describe a non-cognitive utterance. Highly respected research by Christopher Forbes in his book "Prophecy and Inspired Speech in Early Christianity and its Hellenistic Environment" (1995) has established beyond doubt that the pagan oracles and Pythias spoke in Greek, not in non-cognitive utterances as was previously thought.
Third, you have overlooked the key point that the comprehensibility of the tongues in Acts 2 warrants its description as prophecy But in Acts 19:6 the tongues is carefully distinguished from prophesy.
The tongues in Acts 2 was not prophecy. It doesn't say they were prophesying. Prophecy is a message from God to the people. What the disciples were doing was
"declaring the mighty works of God" (ie. praise). Even if it was prophecy it doesn't follow that subsequent tongues for that reason must be non-cognative.
In Acts 10:47 and ll:15 Luke merely notes the recurrence of involuntary speck not understood by the speakers.
In those verses Peter said that the Holy Spirit came upon the gentiles in the same way as He came upon the disciples. If the Holy Spirit gave the Gentiles a different type of tongues then Peter was lying.
I repeat: the tongues in Cornelius's house and at Ephesus are neither understood nor interpreted; so no one knows if they were human or angelic language.
In that case you are admitting that your argument that they spoke in a non-human language is an argument from silence. If you are asserting that Acts 10 & 19 was a non-human language the burden of proof is upon you prove it.
You pontificate from ignorance of the Word: "Are not all angels ministering spirits (--"pneumata"--
Hebrews 1:14)?" Nor do you get to duck the simple fact that the Greek reads "zelotai pneumaton", which literally means "zealots for spirits." You can find no example where "pneumata" means "spiritual gifts," that it is clearly applied to such gifts here.
You are misrepresenting me. I never said that angels were not spirits, I said pneumata is never translated as angels (which is how you say it should be translated in 1 Cor 14:12). Here is the entry for pneumata from the BDAG Lexicon, the gold standard of lexicons (I have edited out the vast amounts details and examples that are not relevent to our discussion):
① air in movement, blowing, breathing
ⓐ wind ...
ⓑ the breathing out of air, blowing, breath ...
② that which animates or gives life to the body, breath, (life-)spirit ...
③ a part of human personality, spirit ...
④ an independent noncorporeal being, in contrast to a being that can be perceived by the physical senses, spirit
ⓐ God personally ...
ⓑ good, or at least not expressly evil spirits or spirit-beings ...
ⓒ evil spirits ...
⑤ God’s being as controlling influence, with focus on association with humans, Spirit, spirit ...
⑥ the Spirit of God as exhibited in the character or activity of God’s people or selected agents, Spirit, spirit ...
ⓓ The Spirit of God, being one, shows the variety and richness of its life in the different kinds of spiritual gifts which are granted to certain Christians 1 Cor 12:4, 7, 11; cp. vs. 13ab.—Vss.8–10 enumerate the individual gifts of the Spirit, using various prepositions: διὰ τοὺ πν. vs. 8a; κατὰ τὸ πν. vs. 8b; ἐν τῷ πν. vs. 9ab. τὸ πν. μὴ σβέννυτε do not quench the Spirit 1 Th 5:19refers to the gift of prophecy, acc. to vs. 20.—The use of the pl. πνεύματα is explained in 1 Cor 14:12 by the varied nature of the Spirit’s working; in vs. 32 by the number of persons who possess the prophetic spirit; on the latter s. Rv 22:6 and 19:10.
In addition there is not a single bible version that agrees with your translation of this verse. Out of 60 or so versions the vast majority render it as "spiritual gifts" or "things of the Spirit" etc. Only 4 obscure versions translate it literally as "spirits". Not a single one translates it as angels.
Again, you pontificate from ignorance. You are of course referring to the limited number you have bothered to check and have overlooked Lietzmann and Barrett's commentaries.
Seeing as I have well over 70 commentaries of 1 Corinthians, either as whole books or a copy of chapters 12-14, I can assure you that am not "pontificating from ignorance". Not one of them agrees with you.
You are wrong about Barrett's commentary. He certainly does not agree with you that 'spirits' here are angels.
A Commentary of the First Epistle to the Corintians - C. K. Barrett.
So with yourselves, since you are men who strive for (Paul uses the noun, ζηλωταί, cognate with the verb used in verse 1) spiritual gifts (literally, spirits; Paul normally uses the word, πνεῦμα, in the singular, with reference to the Spirit of God, but here thinks of various spiritual agencies producing various spiritual gifts; see verses 14, 15, 16, 32, and cf. 1 John 4:1),
Even the Pentecostal theologian Gordon Fee disagrees with you:
"More likely this refers especially to their desire for one particular manifestation of the Spirit, the gift of tongues, which was for them the sure evidence of their being pneumatikos (a person of the Spirit, hence "spiritual"). " - The First Epistle to the Corinthians.
I don't have Leitzmanns commentary which only seems to be available in German.
There is no exaggeration in his phrase "Though I speak in tongues of men and of angels." These are the 2 "kinds of speaking in tongues ("gene glosson") specified in 12:28. The hyperbole only begins with the double "alls" with reference to mysteries and knowledge.
It is clear there are 5 parallel hypothetical examples of gifts in 1 Cor 13:1-3.
Is the normal operations of the gift of prophecy to know ALL mysteries and ALL knowledge (ie being omniscient)? No, that is an exaggeration.
Is the normal operation of the gift of faith to remove mountains? No, that is an exaggeration.
Is the normal operation of the gift of giving to give away ALL your possessions to the poor? No, that is an exaggeration.
Is the normal operation of the gift of giving to give up your own life? No, that is an exaggeration.
So is the normal operation of the gift of tongues to speak in the language of angels? No, that too is an exaggeration.
Paul is making the point that having gifts, even to the highest conceivable degree, is worthless without love.
swordsman: "Again nearly all commentators agree with that interpretation."
Just the opposite! See e. g, Conzelmann, Lietsmann, and Barrett.
You clearly haven't read Conzelmann properly - he agrees with me!
Hans Conzelmann - 1 Corinthians
The wording does not in itself require the equating of angels’ language and speaking with tongues. Moreover the expression can also be understood as a mere hyperbole: and if I had at my command every linguistic possibility even to the language of God.
Again I can't comment on Lietzmann. And Barrett hardly makes a convincing affirmation:
"Apparently Paul thought....".
Now, in addition to Conzelmann, the following commentators agree with me that nobody actually spoke in the tongues of angels:
Craig S. Keener - First--Second Corinthians
Ben Witherington - Conflict and Community in Corinth
Richard L. Pratt - Holman New Testament Commentary - 1 & 2 Corinthians
Mark Taylor - 1 Corinthians: An Exegetical and Theological Exposition of Holy Scripture (New American Commentary)
Daniel B. Wallace - Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics: An Exegetical Syntax of the New Testament ~
J.I. Packer - Keep in Step with the Spirit
R C H Lenski - The Interpretation of I Corinthians
Robert L. Thomas - Understanding Spiritual Gifts: A Verse-by-verse Study of 1 Corinthians 12-14
Lynn Burton - Tongues in Corinth
Richard A. Horsley - Abingdon New Testament Commentaries | 1 Corinthians
Raymond F. Collins, Daniel J. Harrington - First Corinthians
John Phillips - Exploring 1 Corinthians: An Expository Commentary (2002)
D A Carson - Showing the Spirit
David K. Lowery - Bible Knowledge Commentary
George T. Montague - First Corinthians
Charles Hodge - An Exposition of the First Epistle to the Corinthians
Frédéric Godet - The First Epistle to the Corinthians
Zane C Hodges - The purpose of Tongues
Thomas R. Edgar - Miraculous Gifts: Are They for Today?
Robertson & Plummer - A critical and exegetical commentary on the first epistle of St. Paul to the Corinthians
B Ward Powers - First Corinthians: An Exegetical and Explanatory Commentary
Christopher Forbes - Prophecy and Inspired Speech in Early Christianity and Its Hellenistic Environment
Anthony C. Thiselton - The First Epistle to the Corinthians
Watson E. Mills Speaking in Tongues
Zerhusen - The Problem Tongues in 1 Cor 14: A Reexamination
John Calvin - Commentaries On St. Paul's First Epistle To The Corinthians
Phil Moore - Straight to the Heart of 1 & 2 Corinthians
Alan F. Johnson - 1 Corinthians, p.244 (2004)
Leon Morris - The First Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians
Mal Couch - A Bible Handbook to the Acts of the Apostles
Dr. Nathan Ogan - Glossolalia: The Gift of Tongues
C Lapide - Commentary on Corinthians 1 & 2 and Galatians
Robert Gundry - Commentary on First Corinthians
Craig L Blomberg - 1 Corinthians: NIV Application Commentary
Robert E. Picirilli - First, Second Corinthians
Mark E. Moore - Fanning the Flame: Probing the Issues in Acts
Anthony Hoekema - What about tongues speaking?
Lorin L Cranford - The Apostle Paul, Servant of Christ
FF Bruce - 1 And 2 Corinthians
McGarvey & Pendleton - Thessalonians, Corinthians, Galatians and Romans
Dave Miller - Modern Day Miracles, Tongue-Speaking, and Holy Spirit Baptism
Pheme Perkins - First Corinthians
Philip Schaff - Popular Commentary on the New Testament
Derek W. H. Thomas - Acts
Simon J. Kistemaker - 1 Corinthians
Gordon Clark - First Corinthians
Albert Barnes - Notes on the Whole Bible
Geneva Study Bible
Henry Jacobs - Annotations on the Epistles of Paul to I Corinthians
Gerhard Hasel - Speaking in Tongues
David Prior - The Message of 1 Corinthians
Paul Barnett - 1 Corinthians
Arthur Stanley - The Epistles of St. Paul to the Corinthians
Jamieson, Fawcett, & Brown - Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible
J J Lias - Cambridge Greek Testament for Schools and Colleges
Riggs & Reed - Epistles to the Corinthians
H L Goudge - The First Epistle to The Corinthians
William Burkitt -Expository Notes with Practical Observations on the New Testament
Max Turner - Early Christian Experience and Theology of Tongues
Ciampa & Rosner - 1 Corinthians
Let me know if you want to see the excerpts from any of them.
Swordsman: "The Testament of Job was an ancient Jewish fairy tale."
Your sarcasms betrays ignorance of how NT scholars study cultural backgrounds to NT texts. In Conzelmann's commentary, for example, the Testament of Job is cited as an example of Jewish belief in the possibility of humans uttering angelic speech. Similarly, Barrett supports the identification of tongues of angels as glossolalia by citing first century eminent rabbi, Johanan ben Zakkai's reputation for understanding angelic dialects.
Conzelmann didn't say that. He mentions the Testament of Job merely as an example of literature that has people speaking the language of angels. He in no way says that is proof that people actually did such a thing. Hardly surprising seeing as the book is a ancient folk story and he has already endorsed the view that the 'tongues of angels' in 1 Cor 13:1 is hyperbole.
The story about Johanan ben Zakkai claiming that angels spoke to him, is not the same as men speaking the tongues of angels.
You are misreading Paul to imply that God never intended everyone to speak in tongues and prophesy. Instead, he is referring to the obvious fact that not everyone has activated these spiritual potentials.
That is not what scripture says. Pauls words in 1 Cor 12 and Rom 12 are crystal clear and cannot be interpreted in any other way. Would you like me to post some commentaries on those verses?
Thus, when he urges them to "strive for the greater gifts, the next gifts he mentions are tongues and prophecy (13:1). Tongues is mentioned last in Paul's lists in chap. 12, not because it is the least of the gifts, but because it is the source of disorder in Corinthian worship. In fact, prophecy is the greatest gift, but no greater than tongues, when there is an interpreter (14:5). Paul urges us to "strive for" these gifts because they are available to all! [On this see below]
The context of 1 Cor 12:31 is clearly the immediately preceding verses where Paul lists the gifts in order of importance. There is a clear division between the "greater gifts" and the start of the chapter 13 "And yet I will show you the most excellent way....". If you think the "greater gifts" are referring to the tongues of 1 Cor 13:1 you might want to read your own copy of Barrett's commentary again:
Strive for (be ambitious to acquire) the greater gifts—proper because the Corinthians evidently valued too highly what Paul regarded as one of the lowest of gifts, that of speaking with tongues. Thus the Corinthians might seek—by prayer and self-preparation—the gift of prophecy, or of teaching. These gifts would enable them to make a maximum contribution to the life of the church.
I can probably quote dozens of others that agree with him.
In fact, prophecy is the greatest gift, but no greater than tongues, when there is an interpreter (14:5). Paul urges us to "strive for" these gifts because they are available to all! [On this see below]
You might want to read 1 Cor 14:5 again.....carefully. It doesn't say interpreted tongues is equivalent to prophecy.
swordsman: "In his 'wish' in 1 Cor 14:5 Paul is not saying that he expected everyone to speak in tongues."
Your comment is refuted by 14:31: "You can all prophesy one one by one (14:31)."
Paul's all-inclusive wish in 14:5 applies to both prophecy and tongues!
Eh? 14:31 is referring to prophecy not tongues! And even that is not saying that everyone can prophesy. Paul has already clearly stated in 1 Cor 12 and Rom 12 that not everyone has the same gift. Check out your Conzellman commentary:
31* This is an argument in favor of taking νἱ ἄιινη in v 29* as the rest of the prophets (see n. 46). For θαζʼ ἕλα πάληεο, "all one by one," cannot mean simply everybody, but all who are to be considered here, all upon whom the spirit of prophecy comes. The emphasis naturally does not lie on πάληεο, "all," but on "singly," i.e., that you may be understood.
No, it is clear Paul's 'wish' that everyone spoke in tongues in 14:5 was an imagined ideal just like he wished everyone was single like him, not something he realistically expected to happen.
Swordsman: "Speaking in tongues in private would be an abuse of a spiritual gift, which are for the benefit of others, not self."
On the contrary, "He who speaks in tongues builds up (= edifies) himself (12:4)."Paul values the edification received through private glossolalia. This is cofirmed by 14:28: "If there is no interpreter, let him be silent in church and speak [in tongues] to himself and to God." Commentators agree that the underlined additional phrase would be superfluous, unless it referred to privately praying in tongues.
There is no mention of "private" tongues in 14:4 nor 14:28. The context of both those verses is "in the church" not outside it. And I'm afraid there is no getting away from:
1 Cor 12:7 "Now to each one the manifestation of the Spirit is given for the common good."
1 Pet 4:10 "Each of you should use whatever gift you have received to serve others, as faithful stewards of God’s grace in its various forms."