Sol Invictus
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Mosaic of Sol in Mausoleum M in the
Vatican Necropolis[1]
Sol Invictus ("Unconquered Sun") was the official
sun god of the later
Roman Empire and a patron of soldiers. On 25 December 274 AD the
Roman emperor Aurelian made it an official
cult alongside the traditional Roman cults.
[2] Scholars disagree about whether the new deity was a refoundation of the ancient
Latin cult of
Sol,
[3] a revival of the cult of
Elagabalus,
[4] or completely new.
[5] The god was favored by emperors after Aurelian and appeared on their coins until
Constantine I.
[6] The last inscription referring to Sol Invictus dates to AD 387,
[7] and there were enough devotees in the 5th century that the Christian theologian
Augustine found it necessary to preach against them.
[8]
[SNIP]
Aurelian
Roman Imperial
repoussé silver disc of Sol Invictus (3rd century), found at
Pessinus (
British Museum)
The Roman
gens Aurelia was associated with the cult of Sol.
[25] After his victories in the East, the Emperor
Aurelian thoroughly reformed the Roman cult of Sol, elevating the sun-god to one of the premier divinities of the Empire. Where previously priests of Sol had been simply
sacerdotes and tended to belong to lower ranks of Roman society,
[26] they were now
pontifices and members of the new
college of pontifices instituted by Aurelian. Every pontifex of Sol was a member of the senatorial elite, indicating that the priesthood of Sol was now highly prestigious. Almost all these senators held other priesthoods as well, however, and some of these other priesthoods take precedence in the inscriptions in which they are listed, suggesting that they were considered more prestigious than the priesthood of Sol.
[27] Aurelian also built a new
temple for Sol, which was dedicated on
December 25, 274,
[28] and brought the total number of temples for the god in Rome to (at least) four.
[29] He also instituted games in honor of the sun god, held every four years from a.d. 274 onwards.
The identity of Aurelian's Sol Invictus has long been a subject of scholarly debate. Based on the
Augustan History, some scholars have argued that it was based on
Sol Elagablus (or Elagabla) of
Emesa. Others, basing their argument on
Zosimus, suggest that it was based on the
Šams, the solar god of
Palmyra on the grounds that Aurelian placed and consecrated a cult statue of the sun god looted from Palmyra in the temple of Sol Invictus.
[30] Professor Gary Forsythe discusses these arguments and adds a third more recent one based on the work of Steven Hijmans. Hijmans argues that Aurelian's solar deity was simply the traditional Greco-Roman Sol Invictus.
[31]
Constantine
Coin of Emperor
Constantine I depicting Sol Invictus with the legend SOLI INVICTO COMITI, c. 315
Emperors portrayed Sol Invictus on their official coinage, with a wide range of legends, only a few of which incorporated the epithet
invictus, such as the legend SOLI INVICTO COMITI, claiming the Unconquered Sun as a companion to the Emperor, used with particular frequency by Constantine.
[32] Statuettes of Sol Invictus, carried by the standard-bearers, appear in three places in reliefs on the
Arch of Constantine. Constantine's official coinage continues to bear images of Sol until 325/6. A
solidus of Constantine as well as a gold medallion from his reign depict the Emperor's bust in profile twinned (
jugate) with Sol Invictus, with the legend INVICTUS CONSTANTINUS
[33]
Constantine decreed (March 7, 321)
dies Solis—day of the sun, "Sunday"—as the Roman day of rest (
Codex Justinianus 3.12.2):
On the venerable day of the Sun let the magistrates and people residing in cities rest, and let all workshops be closed. In the country however persons engaged in agriculture may freely and lawfully continue their pursuits because it often happens that another day is not suitable for grain-sowing or vine planting; lest by neglecting the proper moment for such operations the bounty of heaven should be lost.
[34]
Constantine's triumphal arch was carefully positioned to align with the
colossal statue of Sol by the
Colosseum, so that Sol formed the dominant backdrop when seen from the direction of the main approach towards the arch.
[35]
Sol Invictus - Wikipedia