If you don't do anything but quote Jesus you can't make any argument, because the argument you make will be something other than what Jesus said.
That doesn't make any sense. Jesus made an argument about everything that matters: he, and he alone, is the lawgiver. We have the words Jesus said, he was clear, and repetitive, getting to the same few points over and over through repetition, example and parable. The entirety of God's law is contained in the words of Jesus, and you don't need any source other than his words to know it completely.
The rest - Peter, Paul, James, Jude and John, and all of the Church documents - this is all examples, applications and explanations. That's fine, but it all of lesser authority, and Sola Scripturalists will not accept any Church document.
They
might, some of them, pit Paul against Jesus, but if you stick firmly with Jesus and keep putting out the words of Jesus in answer, they won't hold the field for very long, because they sincerely believe Jesus was God also, and the absurdity of standing against Jesus quickly becomes obvious to them, so if they get started down that path at all, they stop it.
If you're trying to argue with Protestants waving around Catholic Church documents other than the Bible, you're wasting your breath and your time, and you'll end up being bested by their arguments in THEIR eyes.
If you decide to go into their court on their terms, you will be at a real disadvantage if you use the Bible as they do, because Paul's writing and logic are the very bedrock of their religion, but yours is much more based on Jesus and later churchmen whom we treat as having the same authority as Paul. Jesus ends up eclipsed in both the Protestant AND Catholic argument, and the Catholic ends up trying to pit the Church's wisdom against Paul. To a Protestant, defeating that argument is like shooting fish in a barrel: Paul is in the Bible. The later bishops and leaders of the Church are not. Therefore it's authority versus authority.
If, on the other hand, you reach right into the Bible and wield JESUS as you only authority, nothing in the Bible can stand against Jesus other than YHWH, but Jesus came later in time, and Jesus amends some of what YHWH says - and has YHWH's (or El Elyon's) authority to do it. (And no Christian other than a Judaizer will argue that point with you anyway.)
If you focus on Just Jesus, you will find that the Catholic Church actually looks stronger and better and much more biblically based than the Jesus plus later Church documents and wisdom argument that Catholics such as yourself want to make. You are putting the cart before the horse: your interlocutor does not accept that our church has ANY authority, and actually thinks it is quite evil.
But by using Bible Alone, and then sticking to Just Jesus, you discover that the Catholic Church is based almost ENTIRELY on the words of Jesus, with only a few outlying things to criticize (such as the business of calling priest's "father" - a trivial thing that we could easily give up if it would reunite the faith).
One of the most powerful thing that happens is that you discover the flat Biblical references to Purgatory, all of which come from the mouth of Jesus as the word "Gehenna", which is, of course, Jewish Purgatory.
THAT doctrine is said to not be in the Bible - even by Catholics - but it is right out of the mouth of Jesus, and fits seemlessly with one of his most famous parables.
You can't persuade anybody if you won't use authorities they respect to talk with them. But if you do the same sort of thing that you did, but all 30 of your cites are words of Jesus and you do a thorough job, you leave your Christian interlocutor with little to say. What's he going to do, fight with Jesus?
And if you stack his arguments, all rooted in bits and pieces of things, it looks weak compared with 30 successive quotes of Jesus.
You want to argue, and to use scholarship to do it: and all of that is commendable. I don't know why you're kicking so hard at a suggestion to argue in the most powerful way, but just citing God incarnate, who is, after all, the source.
A secular example: Which is a stronger legal brief, a ten page document that only cites the Supreme Court of the US and the Supreme court of the state of the trial for every single legal proposition, only cites majority opinions right on point, or a brief that cites a hodgepodge of state and federal courts at all levels?
The answer is the first, because it is a brief built entirely on the highest authorities that bind the court, and that cannot be answered by referring to rulings by lower courts. Apostles, Old Testament Prophets, and Church canons and doctrines, are all inferior in authority to Jesus, and Jesus gave all of the law and revelation that matters for salvation. If you want to argue - and you do - then why handicap yourself by using inferior authorities and low-grade ore? Stick to Jesus and you become impossible to defeat.