Apocalyptic Language
by Jim Gunter
The following is a little essay on Prophetic Apocalyptic Language and how that particular language should affect our interpretation of the new covenant Scriptures. I would like to begin this little enterprise by citing a Bible passage:
For the stars of heaven and their constellations will not flash forth their light; the sun will be dark when it rises, and the moon will not shed its light.
Sound familiar? Because there has been so much debate and discussion for such a long time on a perceived, end of the world, its quite probable that someone right now is thinking:
Why sure, those are the words of Jesus in Matthew 24:29, where He described whats going to happen at the end of the world; that it will be the time when the sun and the moon are to cease shining, and the stars are all going to fall from the sky, and Jesus comes back to the earth riding on the clouds of heaven!"
This may well have been your guess as to the passage, as well as your understanding of it. Well, good folks, if you had guessed Matthew 24:29 to be the passage I quoted, you would have been mistaken, because that was a quote from Isaiah 13:10, 13, spoken some 750 years before Jesus used this same kind of language. My point being, that when we read this type of prophecy in the New Testament, whether spoken by Jesus, or written by one of the inspired writers, I believe it is imperative, that we go to the original source of such language if we are to arrive at the true meaning of the passage under consideration! Its imperative because, as we just learned, this awesome, colorful, celestial imagery has its roots in the old covenant Scriptures, i.e., the Law, the Prophets, and the Psalms.
I sincerely believe that if we fail to educate ourselves to the true meaning of this language in its original Old Testament usage and context, then we are giving our minds over to the mercy of our imaginations. And of course, when that happens, we begin to think we see all sorts of things that, in actuality, we dont really see at all. And this, of course, spawns all sorts of wild speculation and erroneous interpretations, which preclude us from understanding the true message being conveyed by our Creator.
I have found Jesus words in Matthew 24:29, to be only one of many such New Testament prophetic utterances that have the Old Testament Scriptures as their original source. So at this point, I would like to cite a few more of those Old Testament prophecies, and their fulfillments; prophecies which use the same kind of imagery as described above. And Id like to start with the one I cited at the beginning of this essay, and which was later drawn upon by Jesus in Matthew 24:29. Of course, Im speaking of Isaiah 13. Please examine this prophecy with me and let us see what those words meant when God utilized them for the first time. Because, if we can learn what they meant then, then we can know with certainty what they would mean when used later in the New Testament Scriptures of the 1st century.
Isaiah 13Gods Judgment on Babylon:
1 The burden of Babylon, which Isaiah the son of Amoz did see . . .
3 I have commanded My sanctified ones, I have also called My mighty ones for mine anger, even them that rejoice in my highness.
4b . . . The Lord of hosts mustereth the battle.
5 They come from a far county, from the end of heaven, even the Lord and the weapons of his indignation, to destroy the whole land.
6 Howl ye, for the day of the Lord is at hand; it shall come as a destruction from the Almighty.
7 Therefore shall all hands be faint, and every mans heart shall melt;
8 And they shall be afraid; pangs and sorrows shall take hold of them; they shall be in pain as a woman that travaileth; they shall be amazed one at another; their faces shall be as flames.
9 Behold, the day of the Lord cometh, cruel both with wrath and fierce anger, to lay the land desolate; and he shall destroy the sinners thereof out of it.
10 For the stars of heaven and the constellations thereof, will not give their light ; the sun shall be darkened in his going forth, and the moon shall not cause her light to shine.
11 And I will punish the world for their evil, and the wicked for their iniquity; and I will cause the arrogance of the proud to cease, and will lay low the haughtiness of the terrible.
12 I will make a man more precious than fine gold; even a man than the golden wedge of Ophir.
13 Therefore, I will shake the heavens, and the earth shall remove out of her place, in the wrath of the Lord of hosts, and in the day of his fierce anger . . .
15 Everyone that is found will be thrust through, and everyone who is joined unto them shall fall by the sword.
16 Their children shall also be dashed to pieces before their eyes; their houses shall be spoiled, and their wives ravished.
17 Behold, I will stir up the Medes against them, which shall not regard silver; and as for gold, they shall not delight in it.
18 Their bows also shall dash the young men to pieces; and they shall have no pity on the fruit of the womb; their eye shall not spare children.
19 And Babylon, the glory of kingdoms, the beauty of the Chaldees excellency, shall be as when God overthrew Sodom and Gomorrah.
20 It shall never be inhabited, neither shall it be dwelt in from generation to generation: neither shall the Arabian pitch tent there; neither shall the shepherds make their fold there.
Surely, we have no difficulty recognizing Isaiahs prophecy here to be speaking of the judgment God was about to bring upon Nebuchadnezzar and his Babylonian empire. This prophecy, of course, was fulfilled in 538 BC, when Gods mighty instrument of judgmentthe Medesbrought total destruction upon that kingdom. Let us take note of a few remarkable things the Lord said would take place at that great judgment, including some spectacular celestial phenomena:
1. God spoke of the Medes as His sanctified ones, His mighty ones, And, that it was He, Yahweh, who was mustering the army (vv.3, 4b).
2. God said the Medes would come from a far country; from the end of heaven (v.5).
3. Isaiah called that judgment, a destruction from the Almighty, and that it would take place on, the Day of The Lord (v.6).
4. God said that every mans heart will melt and their faces will be as flames (vv.7, 8).
5. He also prophesied that, the stars, including all the constellations would not give their light (v.10).
6. The sun would be darkened. (v.10).
7.The moon would not give her light. (v.10).
8. The world would be punished for its evil (v.11).
9. The heavens would be shaken (v.13).
10. The earth would be moved from its place (v.13).
When considering the various elements described in this judgment on Babylon, theres a lot I can learn about how God effects His will. And another very important thing I can learn about is the very highly charged, highly symbolic, colorful language, He employed in expressing His judgments.
Under points 1-3, we get another lesson in how God used menoften times evil mento execute His judgments. First it should be remembered that the Medes, of course, were not Gods people. However, in this account, He called them His sanctified ones, His mighty ones. In other words, God had set apart the Medes for His purpose. It was not at all uncommon for the Lord to speak of evil men as His servants in a context such as this! You may remember that when God pronounced judgment upon His own people, Judah, sending them away for 70 years of Babylonian captivity, He spoke of this same king, Nebuchadnezzar, as His servant (Jer 25:9). He was Gods servant in the sense that he was to be His (Gods) instrument of judgment on Judah; the very same way as Rome would be used by Jesus as His lethal instrument against Jerusalem and the Jewish nation in AD 70! Therefore, the reason for God applying the aforementioned terms He did to the Medes, was as He declared in v. 3: They would execute His anger.
Let us now, take a closer look into the terrestrial and celestial phenomena described in points 4-10 above.
First, lets look at (4): Would any of us believe that we are to understand, that the hearts of the Babylonians literally melted within their chests, in this conflict? Did God really intend for us to understand that mens faces were literally on fire?
Then, under (5), (6), and (7): Would any of us conclude from these statements, that all of the stars, constellations, the sun, and moon ceased to shine during the Medes destruction of Babylon?
Now please consider (9) and (10): Does God really mean for us to understand that Heaven itself literally shook in this battle? And was the physical earth literally moved from its place in orbit around the sun?
Surely, any serious student of the Fathers Word would answer, No! to all of the above questions, for he recognizes that those marvelous, super-charged phenomena did not literally take place. My dear friends please think about this for a moment: If that spectacular display of celestial catastrophes literally took place at that time, do you realize that the very fabric of our planet would be no more! However, this is not to say that those things did not have meaning, or that we should just simply overlook them. Oh no! Those things are very important to us, and they, indeed, did serve a most useful purpose! We all understand that they were symbols. And because they were symbols, they had to have been symbolic of some-thing or some-one! But symbolic of what, or of whom? Well, I believe if we simply allow Scripture to interpret Scripture, then they will tell us exactly what those things symbolized.
The Beginning of Celestial Imagery:
The very first time the sun, moon, and stars were used as symbols in the Scriptures, is found in Genesis 37:9-11. Do you recall the two dreams Joseph had as a lad? The first was a dream of the sheaves of wheat (vv. 5-8), where the sheaves of his brothers bowed down to Josephs sheaf? Upon telling his brothers of the dream, they indicated by their response that they understood its meaning, viz., that Joseph would actually rule over them one day. We are all familiar with the narrative and how that came to pass, when Joseph, later, through Divine providence, became ruler in Egypt, second only to Pharaoh in authority.
But it is in Josephs second dream where we gain the most insight into the symbols of Isaiahs prophecy regarding Babylon. In Josephs second dream (vv. 9-11), the sun, moon, and eleven stars bowed down to him. He related the dream to his father, Jacob, and also to his brothers. If you will look at v. 10, you will see that Jacob knew exactly what the dream meant, for he immediately asked Joseph:
Shall I and your mother, and your brothers actually bow down before you to the ground?
Verse 11 says that Josephs brothers were jealous of him, but that Jacob kept the saying in his mind, or heart. Yes, Jacob knew exactly what the dream meant. And, its also very clear from Jacobs words, that he understood the sun, moon, and eleven stars of the dream to be symbols! And friends, isnt it interesting that were not left here to guess or speculate as to what the sun, moon and eleven stars symbolized? From the language, its clear that the sun symbolized the #1 authority figureJacobthe head of the family. The moon, being the lesser of the two great lights (because it reflected the light of the sun), symbolized the lesser or #2 authority figureRachaelJosephs mother. And finally, we see that the eleven stars symbolized Josephs brothers; those of even lesser rank, who were the subjects under the higher authorities!
Folks, I have to say that this helps me immensely, when I see this same imagery used in our Isaiah 13 prophecy regarding Babylon, as well as other prophetic judgments of God against nations, kings, governments, or dynastiesyea even against His own people, Israel!