There is not a little divergence of opinion among
Semitic scholars when they attempt to explain the etymological signification of the
Hebrew adam (which in all probability was originally used as a common rather than a proper name), and so far no theory appears to be fully satisfactory. One cause of uncertainty in the matter is the fact that the root
adam as signifying
"man" or "mankind" is not common to all the
Semitic tongues, though of course the name is adopted by them in translations of the
Old Testament.
...
In the
Old Testament the word is used both as a common and a proper noun, and in the former acceptation it has different meanings. Thus in
Genesis 2:5, i
t is employed to signify a human being, man or woman; rarely, as in
Genesis 2:22, it signifies man as opposed to
woman, and, finally, it sometimes
stands for mankind collectively, as in
Genesis 1:26. The use of the term, as a proper as well as a common noun, is common to both the sources designated in critical circles as P and J. Thus in the first narrative of the Creation (P)
the word is used with reference to the production of mankind in both sexes, but in
Genesis 5:14, which belongs to the same source, it is also taken as a proper name. In like manner the second account of the creation (J) speaks of "the man" (
ha-adam), but later on (
Genesis 4:25) the same document employs the word as a proper name without the article.