The Second Millenium

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Things go fine in 1869--some of the time.

Australian prospectors find a 141.6 pound gold nugget, still the largest on record.

In Russia, Mendeleev presents his Periodic Table of the Elements, which probably hung on a wall in your high school somewhere. Still in use (with some additions) it lists every type of atom known.

The US completes its first transcontinental railroad, connecting the Pacific Ocean with the existing railroad system in the east.

Mary Ward becomes the first person to be killed in an automobile accident.

Rutgers University beats Princeton 6-4 in the first American college football game.

The Wyoming Territory gives women the right to vote.

In France, margarine is invented.
 
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1870 is a great year for Italy and a terrible year for the Catholic Church.


The Catholic Church officially declares that the Pope is infallible when he speaks “from the chair” of Saint Peter. Seeing how the decision would go, several cardinals boycott the final vote. Papal infallibility had become necessary as the Pope's control over the Church increased, but there had been too many contradictions between past Popes to make the doctrine believable. By making the Pope infallible only when he spoke "from the chair," (a new doctrine, unknown to previous Popes), the Catholic Church solved the problem.

After suffering a defeat from Prussia, France needs to withdraw its forces from Rome. The “Porta Pia” is a gate in the walls of Rome that was designed by Michelangelo. On September 20, a victorious Italian Army breaks through the gate, and after fourteen centuries, Rome is part of Italy again. The capture of Rome is not connected with the declaration of infallibility, but the Papal States come to an end. Lasting for over 11 centuries, the Papal States (which was actually one nation) had fought wars, losing most of them, but kept receiving territory from different emperors.

Loosely speaking, the Jehovah’s Witnesses are founded by Charles Taze Russell. Different groups will split and merge, and in 1931, one of the groups names itself “Jehovah’s Witnesses.”

The Paraguayan War ends. The worst war in South American history, it leaves 400,000 dead, about ¾ of them from Paraguay. 70% of Paraguay’s adult males have died, and Paraguay must yield territory to Argentina and Brazil. The victorious Brazilians are nearly bankrupt, while Argentina goes on to become one of the wealthiest nations in the world over the next four decades.
 
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Vince53

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We return to 1870.

For the next 13 years, New York will be building the Brooklyn Bridge. Almost half a mile long, it is the first steel-wire suspension bridge in the world. It is actually a hybrid design of two different type bridges. Because it can be renovated in parts while remaining open, it can theoretically last forever. And No, it is not for sale.

A newspaper cartoon ridicules the Democratic Party as a live jackass kicking a dead lion. And so, the Democratic Party has been pictured as a donkey ever since.

Acting without orders, the US Army massacres 200 peaceful Indians in Montana. An enraged President Grant shifts government control of Indians away from the Army and to the Department of the Interior. Grant also consults with religious leaders and missionaries before appointing government officials over the Indians.

The first Black US senator is elected to Congress.

Japan adopts the "Rising Sun" flag.

An amendment to the US Constitution guarantees Blacks the right to vote. Shortly afterwards, a small-town New Jersey politician becomes the first Black American known to vote.

Five years after the Civil War has ended, the last Confederate state is re-admitted to the Union.

France and Prussia go to war, and Prussia immediately takes the lead. They capture the French Emperor, causing the government to collapse.

The Italian Army captures the last remaining hold-outs on the Italian peninsula. Rome is declared to be the capital of Italy.
 
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Vince53

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1871 is a very bad year for Chicago.

"One dark night,
When we were all in bed,
Old lady Leary left her lantern in the shed.
The cow kicked it over;
She winked her eye and said,
'We'll have a hot time,
In the old town,
Tonight!'"

A fire starts near Mrs. O'Leary's barn and leaves over 100,000 Chicagoans homeless. At the same time, other severe fires break out in neighboring cities. The reporter who invented the story about the cow later confessed that he had lied. There is no evidence of a conspiracy, leaving two viable explanations: The whole areas was tinder-dry from a drought, and burning debris was lifted high and came down in other areas. The idea that a meteor shower hit the area with flaming debris is rejected by the scientific community.


Korea opens fire on American warships searching for a lost merchant ship. The five ship American fleet responds by landing troops, who capture several small forts. The Koreans lose 243 killed, while the Americans lose 3 killed. When the Koreans still refuse to negotiate (the US only wanted to know what had happened to the merchant ship) the US withdraws.

Various German states, including Prussia, unite to form the German Empire. Wealthy and heavily-industrialized, the Empire will earn more Nobel prizes in science than the US, Britain, France, and Russia combined. Having learned from the American Civil War, the Empire builds a major rail system, the largest army in the world, and the second-largest navy in the world. It collapses after being defeated in World War 1.

Otto von Bismark, the new German Chancellor (but not the Emperor) begins a seventeen year persecution of the Catholic Church in Prussia. A little more than 1/3 of the population is Catholic, and Bismark fears the power of the Church. He disbands and exiles various monastic groups, imprisons or exiles over half the bishops, and imprisons thousands of civilians who had helped the persecuted priests.

An early freeze destroys 33 ships in the arctic. Incredibly, all the crew members survive.
 
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Vince53

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And it's now 1872...


With his church and home destroyed in the Great Chicago Fire of last year, evangelist D.L.Moody is able to rebuild his church and continue preaching. A few months later, he heads to England for a series of successful revival meetings. Continuing successfully as an evangelist until 1875, he will even preach in the London church of Charles Spurgeon. Moody will continue as a successful pastor and international evangelist until his death in 1899. His church, re-named “Moody Church” after his death still exists, as does Moody Bible Institute.

King John IV begins his 18 year reign over Ethiopia. Wanting to control the entire Nile River basin, Egypt invades northern Ethiopia. The Ethiopians trick the Egyptians into chasing them into a narrow valley, where the Egyptians and their European officers are virtually annihilated. A second Egyptian invasion is defeated, and all of Ethiopia then unites behind King John. John then limits government positions to Ethiopian Church members only. Later, when Italian and Egyptian invaders unite with Ethiopian rebels, John is killed in battle.

In the US, Yellowstone becomes the world's first national park, the Metropolitan Museum of Art opens, and Popular Science magazine begins.

The German Empire bans the Jesuits.

It's an unusual year for ships. The American merchant ship Mary Celeste is found adrift, well-stocked with food, unlooted, undamaged, and abandoned. No trace of the crew has ever been found. The HMS Challenger, a British science ship, begins its four year voyage that established Oceanography as a science.
 
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Vince53

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'Tis 1873!

The US forbids shipping inappropriate contentography through the mail.

Puerto Rico frees most of its slaves.

The Panic of 1873 begins when the stock market in the Austro-Hungarian Empire crashes. Lasting six years, it will hurt the US, Europe, and other nations.

Levi Strauss invents blue jeans. They added copper rivets to the pockets of work pants.

Canada forms the "Mounties." A world-wide legend of courage and ability, they are one of the finest police forces in the world today.

Jesse James pulls off the western US's first successful train robbery.

After collecting a heavy indemnity, Germany withdraws its troops from France.

Railroads, the second-biggest employer in the US, face a major collapse as it turns out that they are too heavy in debt and cannot pay off their bonds. A major US financial firm collapses as a result, and 55 railroads go bankrupt in the next four months. Massive unemployment then hits the US.
 
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Vince53

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It's 1874 AD!

The Kingdom of Hawaii signs a treaty granting the US exclusive trading rights.

The Philadelphia Zoo, still in operation, becomes the first public zoo in the US. The typewriter is invented. The light bulb is invented, but not by Thomas Edison; he later invents the first commercially successful light bulb.

America's most famous political cartoonist, Thomas Nast, publishes a cartoon portraying the Republican Party as an elephant, and the image remains. He did not invent Santa Claus, Uncle Sam, or the Democrat donkey, but he popularized them in his cartoons. Nast vehemently opposed the corruption of the Democratic Party and called for the end of segregation and for equality for Blacks (as required by the US Constitution). A German-born Catholic, he turned Protestant and vigorously opposed the Catholic School System, regarding Catholicism as a threat to the US. Surprising for a man who opposed racism, he despised the Irish, portraying them as violent drunks.

Spain's two year civil war comes to an end with the royal family winning.

A newly-built Catholic church in Germany briefly becomes the world's tallest building.
 
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Vince53

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Ain't no jive; it's 1875!


The Kingdom of Hawaii signs a successful trade agreement with the United States. With the US, Britain, France, and Russia all hoping to seize the kingdom, the Hawaiians continue to play them off against each other.

Four year old Guangxu begins his 33 year reign as Emperor of China. However, between regents and house arrest, he actually rules for nine years. Under foreign pressure, he protects Christian missionaries. After a humiliating defeat by Japan, China had to deal with foreign powers seizing parts of China, and Guangxu tried to implement constitutional reforms to modernize his backwards nation. As a result, he was overthrown and spent the last ten years of his reign under house arrest.

The Catholic archbishop of New York becomes the first US cardinal.

The first Kentucky Derby horse race is held.

Brigham Young University is founded.
 
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Vince53

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1876

Japanese warships force Korea to open its ports to foreign trade.

In the US, baseball's National League is formed. The Dewey Decimal System, still used in most libraries, is invented. Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone. "Tom Sawyer" is published. The mimeograph machine is invented; rarely seen today, a few decades ago it was a major tool for printing cheap copies--it was heavily used by schools for printing tests.

The US had promised to supply beef to Indians who voluntarily went to reservations. But when the beef doesn't arrive, some Indians head north to Montana in order to hunt. Ordered to return to their reservations to starve, they instead begin assembling under the leadership of Sitting Bull.

Bulgaria revolts, and the Ottoman Empire quickly massacres about 4,000 Bulgarians.

Racked by revolts and war, the Ottoman Empire replaces its ruler with Abdul the Damned. Ruling for 33 years, he abolishes the constitution and seizes absolute power. Ruthlessly persecuting minorities and removing freedoms, he did modernize the railroad system and the army. When he was removed, most citizens were glad to see him go.

A cyclone in India kills about 200,000 people. (I question that number).

Swedish-Americans still brag about it! The Jesse James gang attempts to rob the bank in a Swedish immigrant community in Minnesota. Grabbing their rifles, the Swedes shoot over half the gang, forcing the criminals to flee.

In China, the fifth worst famine in history begins after a drought. When it ends three years later, over 30 million Chinese will have died.
 
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Vince53

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Little Big Man 1839-1876

Despite graduating last in his class at West Point, George Armstrong Custer went on to become a Civil War general. He cut off Lee's retreat, forcing Lee to surrender to Grant. A competent show-off who constantly sought self-glorification, he captured the first Confederate battle flag of the war. Promoted to general at age 23, he would carefully scout his enemy's strengths and then make his "Custer's Dash" into their weak points, winning every time.

When Jeb Stuart led a cavalry charge behind Union lines at Gettysburg, Custer stopped him.

A successful Indian fighter after the war, Custer arrested the son of President Grant for drunkenness, and later testified to Congress that Grant's brother was selling the Army over-priced goods.

Custer's Last Stand has become an American legend, in which Custer led the 208 man Seventh Cavalry to annihilation by about 3,500 Indians who had fled their reservations to avoid starvation. It is not true that Custer disobeyed orders to wait for a shipment of repeating rifles; nor is it true that he charged ahead, hoping to be elected President of the US. Custer followed the same successful tactics he had always used, but did not realize that Sitting Bull had adapted his strategy to deal with US strategy. About 134 Indians were killed in the battle. The Indians lured Custer into chasing them up to the main body of Indians, who counter-charged. Separated into different hills, Custer's men made several heroic last stands, although many of them committed suicide to avoid capture.
 
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1877


Russia invades Turkey again, and it seizes a lot of territory that it still holds. Despite its defeat in the Crimean War, Russia had continued to seize small Moslem kingdoms, thus expanding its borders.

Japan's last major civil war ends with 20,000 former Samurai killed or captured. The integration of rifles into Japan's new, modern army had made the Samurai obsolete, unnecessary, and unemployed. An army of rifle-armed draftees, led by career officers, wins the war.

Sitting Bull leads a large number of Indians peacefully into Canada. Two mounties escort the Indians to a reservation without incident. The legend that a mountie threw Sitting Bull off a stolen horse is not true.

Four months after surrendering to the US, Crazy Horse (second in command at Little Big Horn) is killed by a guard while resisting imprisonment.

Romania declares independence from the Ottoman Empire, winning the next year. And as Russia keeps winning battles, Serbia joins the war against the Ottomans.

Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce had never been in a battle when he led his people west to escape a reservation. Using tactics so brilliant that they are studied at West point, he fights off the US for months before being forced to surrender.

Mars' two tiny moons are discovered.

Thomas Edison invents the phonograph.
 
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1878


68 year old Leo XIII begins his successful 25 year reign as Pope. When he dies at 93, he is the oldest Pope. He was a strong Mariologist, placing great emphasis on rosaries and scapulars (two cloth badges worn around the neck).

Taking over a defeated Papacy (they had lost the Papal States) he successfully melded the Catholic Church with science and freedom. He opened the Vatican archives to historians, as well as the Vatican Observatory. A brilliant diplomat, he gained increased freedom for Catholics in several countries.

He is the first Pope to be filmed in a movie, and the first to have his voice recorded. American newspapers, however, were hostile to him, claiming that he wanted to seize control of the American public school system.

With Russia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania, and Greece attacking Turkey, Britain sends in a fleet to protect Istanbul (the capital; formerly named "Constantinople"). A treaty ends the war, with Turkey losing a lot of territory.
 
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It is now 1879!


Without permission from London, the British governor of South Africa invades the Zulu Empire. To the amazement of the British, the Zulu inflict a massive defeat on them and drive them out. But the British keep going back. The Zulu become a legend of heroism, but eventually, different tribes in the empire make peace, and after four years, what is left of the Zulu Empire is absorbed into different British territories.

On the west coast of South America, the War of the Pacific begins, when Chile declares war on Bolivia and Peru. Bolivia started the war by breaking a treaty. The war ends five years later as a Bolivian disaster--Chile gains Bolivia's territory on the Pacific coast, turning Bolivia into a land-locked nation. And after occupying Peru's capital, Chile withdraws but gains some Peruvian territory.

What is the most widely-circulated magazine in the world today? "Watchtower" is first published by Charles Taze Russell.

In England, Oxford University permits female students to earn degrees. Previously, a small number of females were permitted to take classes part-time.

Thomas Edison invents the first practical light bulb.
 
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You'll get a charge out of 1880!

Wabash, Indiana builds the first electric street lights and later supplies electricity to the entire city. The first ship with electric lighting is launched. The first electric railway is successfully tested.

They started building it in 1248, and the Cologne Cathedral is finally completed. Today it is the most visited tourist site in Germany, with over 20,000 visitors per day. The tallest building in the world at the time, its twin spires tower over Cologne and served as a valuable navigational guide to Allied bombers in WW2. Hit 14 times, it was repaired in 1956.

Barnum and Bailey merge to form a legendary circus that still exists. In 1907, they will merge with the Ringling Brothers Circus.

The worst winter in the history of the United States brings blizzard after blizzard, crippling parts of the US until March of next year. There were no thaws during the winter, and massive flooding hit the US when the snow finally melted.

Australia hangs its most legendary murderer and bank robber, Ned Kelly.
 
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Welcome to 1881!

Scotland launches the first steel trans-Atlantic liner.

Alexander the Peacemaker becomes Czar of Russia after his father is assassinated. For 13 years he will keep Russia out of any major wars. Wanting to unify Russia, he enforces the Russian language on most of the empire, including Poland, persecutes Jews, and hampers all religions except the Russian Orthodox Church. He dismisses official advisers, granting sole governmental authority to himself--the rest of the government existed only to carry out his wishes. He carefully kept peaces with Germany, Bulgaria, France, and Britain by maintaining a strong military but rarely using it. Under his harsh rule, Russia actually became more prosperous and stable.

Clara Barton establishes the American Red Cross.

US President James Garfield is killed by an assassin. Vice-president Chester Arthur becomes the first Baptist US President. A blatant, competent crook, Arthur gets a complete list of crooks whom crooked politicians want promoted. He then fires every single crook in the government of the United States.

It takes courage! American lawman Pat Garrett sneaks into a large, patrolled outlaw encampment and kills Billy the Kid, who had murdered a series of lawmen. Garrett then escapes in the confusion. In an unconnected event, the legendary lawman Wyatt Earp and his brothers win the "Gunfight at the OK Corral."
 
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It's 1882!


Russia begins persecuting Jews, forcing them out of rural areas and limiting their education.

The Tlingits are nomadic Indians who still live in northwest North America, resisting assimilation into American or Canadian culture and refusing to live on reservations. There are about 17,000 Tlingits today. It’s not clear what happened, but a loaded harpoon on an American whaling vessel accidentally exploded, killing a Tlingit medicine man. When the whaling company refused to pay the family 200 blankets in reparations, the Tlingits drove them off their island without killing anyone. The US Navy then shelled the Tlingit village, landed troops, and burned the village. In 1973, the US paid the Tlinkgits $90,000 in reparations.

The US outlaws polygamy.

The Knights of Columbus, a Catholic fraternal organization, is formed.

Jesse James is murdered by a fellow outlaw.

A cyclone in the Arabian Sea floods Bombay Harbor, killing about 100,000 people.

Civil war breaks out in Egypt. Although allies, Britain attacks and seizes Alexandria, Egypt's most important port. Britain goes on to seize complete control of the Suez Canal, Cairo, and then all of Egypt. Although they do not realize what they have done, Britain has laid the foundation for World War 1. Other European nations will greatly increase their conquests of African and Asian nations, providing the financing for building the large militaries that are needed to protect them from other European nations.

In New York City, the electrical age begins when the first commercial electric power plant opens.
 
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1883

"The Adventures of Pinocchio" is published in Italy. The Ladies Home Journal magazine is first published in the US. "Treasure Island" is published in Britain.

Liquid oxygen in "invented." By freezing and compressing oxygen gas into a liquid, more Oxygen can be stored in a tank.

Italy constructs Europe's first electrical power plant.

Krakatoa, east of Java, erupts, killing 36,380 people. On the second day, Krakatoa explodes with the largest noise in history, heard 3,000 miles away. The shockwave is measured all around the world. On the third day, the eruptions stop, although aftershocks continues for another two months. So much sulfur is poured into the atmosphere that worldwide temperatures drop 1.2 C for the next five years.

The Orient Express train begins running from Romania to Istanbul, and is still running today.

US and Canadian railroads establish five time zones. Later, they are enacted into law.

The first Kroger grocery store opens.
 
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1884 has just arrived!


A three-day coup by anti-Japanese Koreans and their Chinese allies gives China control over Korea. But eleven years later, China is forced to restore Korean independence.

The worst earthquake in British history damages over 1250 buildings, killing about four people. It wasn't a very strong quake, but the buildings were not built to withstand such a rare event in Britain.

American labor unions proclaim an 8-hour work day to be the standard. Today, "Labor Day" is celebrated in most industrialized nations.

The Dow Jones Transportation Average begins. Still in use, it used transportation stocks as a general guideline to the condition of the overall US stock market. If things are going well, transportation companies will make more money shipping products and raw materials; the reverse also is true. In these pre-computer days, it was the most accurate means of evaluating the US stock market within minutes after it closed for the day.

Germany begins seizing territory in Africa. Germany then organizes the Berlin Conference to regulate the conquest and exploitation of Africa by European powers. At the time, 10% of Africa is controlled by Europe. By 1914, only Ethiopia and Liberia are free.

Elfago Baca, an American of Mexican descent, was determined to bring law and order to New Mexico. He becomes a legend for fighting off about forty cowboys after Baca arrests a drunken cowboy friend of theirs.

The Washington Monument is completed, becoming the world's tallest building at the time.

Mexico invents the automatic rifle.
 
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1885 "Who made you? God made me."

The Baltimore Catechism is published. Over the next 85 years, it will become one of the most widely read (and memorized) books in history, as Catholic schools in the US use it for religious training. It is still used in some Catholic schools.


The Revised Version, the first major English translation since the King James Version, is completed. It never surpasses the KJV, but it becomes a major step in a flood of modern English translations that will follow. Like the KJV, the Revised Version will have several revisions of its own. Unlike the KJV, the RV does not use the Received Text. Of about 5,000 Greek manuscripts (most of which do not contain the entire New Testament) only about 25 are not the Received Text.

Widely criticized by many fundamentalist and accepted by others, it is little used today.

The first successful appendectomy is performed.

The roller coaster is invented.

The Dow Jones Industrial Average begins. By averaging selected stocks, it represents the entire US stock market and is fairly accurate.

Over the next five years, Prussia will deport 30,000 Poles of Austrian and Russian citizenship.

"Good Housekeeping" magazine goes on sale in the US.

Canada defeats an Indian rebellion, winning the last battle fought on Canadian soil.

In Germany, the motorcycle is invented.

The first automobile is invented. No, Henry Ford did not invent the automobile--he designed the first affordable car.
 
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